“ÓZ QOLYŃNAN KETKEN SOŃ ENDI ÓZ ERKIŃ…”
(Abai jáne rýhani bostandyq máselesi)
Adamzattyń tarihy – Rýhani Bostandyqtyń tarihy.
Álmisaqtan beri aqyl iesiniń Syrtqy Dúnieniń, Ishki Álemniń, Qorshaǵan Ortanyń óktemdigine qarsy kúresi esh tolastaǵan emes. Din de, Memleket te, Qoǵamdyq qurylymdar da onyń "jan bostandyǵyna" (Abai) umtylǵan qushtarlyǵyn qanaǵattandyrmaǵan. Óktemdiktiń joly kúsheiip, onyń tamyry "úkimet zorlyǵy" (Abai) arqyly rýhani táýeldilikke baryp tireldi. Jahildik bul túzilimniń adamzatty arandatqanyna da yqylym zaman ótti. Álmisaqtan bastalǵan óktemdik XX ǵasyrda óziniń shegine jetti. Sol jahildik óktemdikti júrgizýshiler de, oǵan qarsy turýshylar da ózara kúresti esh toqtatqan joq.
Danalardyń oiy osy qarama-qaishylyqty sheship berýge dármensizdik tanytty.
Jahildik otarlaý rýhy ómir súrip turǵanda Rýhani bostandyqtyń rýhy da ólmek emes. "Jan bostandyǵyna" jetý jolynda túrli amal izdep, qily-qily taǵdyrdy basynan keship, túrli dini senimderdi ustanyp, sony medet tutqan ulttar men ulystardyń múddesi rýhani moiynsunbaýǵa alyp keledi.
Muny ulttyq múdde degen uǵym tolyq bere alady.
Qanshama dana, insanshyl, ádiletti bolǵanmen óz ultynyń múddesi úshin búiiri burmaǵan danyshpan joq.
Aristotel – Eskendir Zulharnaiynnyń, Konfýtsii – Han patshalyǵynyń, Gete – nemis shahzadasynyń, Pýshkin – orys imperiiasynyń, Buqar jyraý – Abylaidyń, Nysanbai – Kenesarynyń rýhymen ómir súrdi. Bulardyń eshqaisysy óz zamanynyń shapanyn sheship tastaǵan joq.
Al olardyń ishki bulqynysy men býyrqanysyna keletin bolsaq, onyń tegeýrininiń túpki topshysy – rýhani táýelsizdik.
Ulylar almaǵaiyp kúisiz ("razdvoenie lichnosti") danalyq kemerinen aspaǵan. Olar óz zamanynyń rýhymen, biraq ishtei qasarysyp, tistesip, tisin basyp ómir súrdi. Bul rette orys oishyly N.A.Berdiaevtiń:
"Tek kana Pýshkinde ǵana, ozyq oily birden-bir orys adamynda ǵana ómirge basqasha kózqaras jylt ete tústi. Pýshkin óziniń boiyna ziialylardyń oilaý júiesi men imperiialyq oilaý júiesin qatar sińire aldy. Ol tóńkerisshil óleńder jazdy, biraq ta ol uly derjavalyq orys óktemdiginiń aqyny bolyp qaldy" – degen pikiri óte dál aitylǵan.
Qandai ǵulama bolmasyn onyń sanasynda ózi ómir súrgen dáýirdiń sáýlesi men kóleńkesi túspei turmaidy. Mundai qubylystan Abai da boiyn aýlaq sala almaǵan.
Ol jóninde Muhtar Áýezov:
"El ishiniń sózi men tartysýynda, arazdyq-jaýlyǵynda kópti bilep, ámir júrgizgen ýaqytta óz betine kópshilikti baǵyndyrýda Abai túgelimen ákesiniń shákirti bolǵan. Ózge áke bolsa, áke istegen is pen áke qýǵan maqsat jolyndaǵy ádisi men ebi ǵana ózge. Odan basqa moinyna alǵan mindeti, bettegen tilek baǵyty túgelimen ákesiniń joly boldy... Sonymen, Abaidyń jas kezinde ákesinen el ajyrap ketip, Qunanbai basynyń jalǵyzdyq kórgen kezinde bul tuqymnyń qolynan shyǵyp ketýge ainalǵan baq pen abyroi, qairat pen qojalyq bolsa, sony burynǵysha tolyq qalpynda qaita qolyna jiyp alý, jigit bolǵan Abaidyń barlyq boiyndaǵy qýatymen túgel umtylyp qýǵan armany, maqsaty boldy. Abai jigit kúninde ózine bul joldan basqa jol bar, osy isten túzý is bar dep túsinbegen... Ulǵaiyp kelip artynda qalǵan ómirge sýyq synshy kózimen qarap, ótkenniń bárin ókinishpen eske alǵan ýaqytta: "Qany qara bir janmyn, jany jara" – degen sózdi tegin aitpaǵan", - deidi.
Sondyqtan da Abaidy "bai ulyna jalshy uly jalynyshty" zamannyń janashyry boldy dep qaraýǵa múlde bolmaidy. Kerisinshe, Abai basybailylyqtyń emes, rýhani bostandyqtyń yzaly da qasiretti, oishyl jáne tabandy "tolyq adamy" (Abai) bolǵan. Ol ózine de, óziniń týǵan eline de jáne ony bodandyqpen tunshyqtyryp otyrǵan rýhani táýeldilikke de "yza bolǵandyqtan kúlgen, yzala kúlkiniń ózi de qaiǵy" – (Abai) dep qaraǵan.
Nege? Bul uly oishyldyń úilestirip aitqan sózi ǵana ma?
Joq. Onyń astarynda qoǵamdyq qubylystardyń jáne ózi ómir súrgen zamannyń derti jatyr. "Revoliýtsiia degenimiz – qoǵamnyń derti" deidi Spenser. Al Abai ǵumyr keshken zaman, Resei imperiiasy sol "derttiń" oshaǵyna ainalǵan edi. Qoǵamdyq oi-pikir, memlekettik parasat, naqty maqsat pen baǵyt-baǵdary qalyptaspaǵan Reseidiń patshalyq saiasaty men orys psihologiiasy jalǵandy jalpaǵynan basyp, qomaǵailana asap qalýǵa, shainamai juta berýge beiimdeldi. Kúni keshe ǵana "basy bailylyqtan qutylǵan sharýalardyń, taqýalardyń, dinbasylardyń, usaq qyzmetkerlerdiń, dúmshe kásipshilerdiń oqyǵan balalarynyń" (Berdiaev) qomaǵailyq piǵylyna qurylǵan áleýmettik oi men bilik Reseidiń aranyn ashqyzyp, qalyptasqan dástúrlik saiasatty buzdy. Buryn ýyzyna jarymaǵan "sharýa baiǵustyń" ashkózdigi endi muqym imperiianyń tábetine ainaldy. Sondyqtan da rýhani turǵydan alǵanda:
"Orys adamynyń aldynda ushy-qiyrsyz qiyn mindet turdy, ol ózi jailap alǵan jahandy retke keltirip, ujymǵa uiytýy tiis edi. Orys jeriniń shetsiz-sheksiz keńdigi, olar úshin shekaranyń bolmaýy jáne oǵan shek qoiylmaýy onyń rýhynyń qalyptasýyna da áser etti... Orys halqy óziniń jeriniń keńdiginiń, boiyna bitken tabiǵi bassyzdyǵynyń qurbany boldy. Oǵan ózin-ózi igerý qiynǵa soqty, al orys adamynyń belgili qalypqa túsýge degen qabileti onsha máz emes edi. Orys tarihshylary orys memleketiniń óktemdik dórekiligin asa keń, sheksiz orys jazyǵyn igerýdegi dármensizdiginen dep túsindiredi. Orys tarihshylarynyń ishindegi tamasha ǵalym Kliýchevskii muny: "memlekettiń kólemi qampaia berdi, al halyq bolsa kóteremge ainaldy" dep baǵalady. Belgili bir dárejede bul pikirdiń shyndyǵyn keńestik kommýnistik memleket te odan ári dáleldei túsip otyr, sebebi munda da halyq múddesi keńestik memleketti uiymdastyrý men onyń kúshin molaitý úshin qurbandyqka shalynyp otyr" – dep túsindiredi N.A.Berdiaev.
Demek, bul degenińiz adamnyń memleket aldyndaǵy rýhani táýeldiliginiń shegine jetkendigin kórsetedi. Orys adamy orys halqynyń aq jolyn qiǵan ashkóz memlekettiń azyǵyna ainaldy. "Ult degenimiz – halyq emes" dep Berdiaevtiń aitýynda úlken mán bar. Tobyr, tobyrǵa qosylǵan halyq, tobyrlyq psihologiiaǵa ergen kópshilik – Ult emes. Maǵjannyń "Toqsannyń tobyry" dep aidar taqqan tobyry – qazaq ultynyń tolyqqandy ókili bola almaidy. Óitkeni olar rýhani táýeldilikten arymaǵan "memlekettik ideologiianyń tetigi" ǵana edi. Abai:
Ne bolady óńsheń nol,
Bastamasa bir kemel —
dep megzegeni solar bolatyn.
Iaǵni, "eldi etekbasty etetinder de" sol rýhani basybailylar. Rýhani basybailylyq psihologiiasyn Uly Kúreskerlerdiń ózi de jeńe almaǵan.
"Basybailylyqtan arylmaǵan" Reseidiń qaiys noqtasy qazaqqa kiilgenin jáne ol "noqtanyń" orys halqynyń ózin-ózi bilep, rýhani táýelsizdikke jetkende ǵana alynatynyn, ne shirip túsetinin Abai tolyq sezindi. Óitkeni orys ultynyń ózin tunshyqtyryp jatqan jalmaýyz piǵyldy eń aldymen sezingen de, sol úshin kúiingen de naǵyz rýhani táýelsiz orys rýhyn kóksegen orys ziialylary edi. Ójet minez, ótkir oimen patshanyń ózin seskendirgen P.Ia.Chaadaev osynaý tumsa toń moiyndyqqa shydamai:
"Máseleniń barlyǵy mynada: biz esh ýaqytta ózge halyqtarmen qatarlasa, ilese ómir súrgemiz joq, biz ózimizge málim adamzat ataýlynyń birde-bir tegine – ne Batysqa, ne Shyǵysqa jatpaimyz, iisi adamzatqa ortaq tálim-tárbie bizge jetpegen" – dedi yzadan jaryla jazdap.
Zamannyń ashkóz piǵylyn baiqaǵan Abai sondyqtan da "yzaly kúlkimen" ashy zaryn tógip, sol basybailylyqqa qarsy shyqty.
Sol kezdegi bilikke, saltqa, zańǵa qarsy shyǵýdyń ózi Abaidyń rýhani táýelsizdikke umtylǵanyn baiqatady. Áitpese:
Bas-basyńa bi bolǵan óńkei qiqym,
Mineki buzǵan joq pa eldiń siqyn.
Ózderińdi túzeler dei almaimyn,
Óz qolyńnan ketken soń endi óz yrqyń, -
demes edi.
Bul aradaǵy Abaidyń "Óz qolyńnan ketken soń endi óz yrqyń" – dep otyrǵany – rýhani táýelsizdik. Iaǵni, basybaily bodandyq. Yryq, jiger, qairat, bilik, zań, muqym el – jatqa, jattyń yrqyna táýeldi. Sebebi, qansha umtylsań da seniń eńbegiń esh bolmaq. Iaǵni:
Basyń daýǵa, malyń jaýǵa –
ketedi. Sondyqtan da:
Qor qylma, qorǵa, tatýlas, -
deidi Abai.
Nege basyń daýǵa túsedi? Malyń nege jaýǵa ketedi? Kim osynyń bárin arandatyp otyrǵan? Nege ulttyq tatýlyqka shaqyrady? Astaryna úńilseńiz Abai óziniń elin Azamattyq moiynsynbaýǵa úndep otyr. Sebebi: ádil zań joq, durys ekonomikalyq júie joq. Tek qana seni qanaý bar jáne eshqashanda ádildik tilep aqiqatqa jetpeisiń, óitkeni:
Ótirik, urlyq,
Úkimet zorlyq,
Qurysyn, kóziń ashylmas,-
dep oiyn odan ári sabaqtaidy Abai.
Demek, muqym eldi tyǵyryqqa tirep, "yrqyn alǵan" zorlyqshyl kúsh – jahil memleket boldy ǵoi. Al Abaidyń tusynda qos úkimet joq, jalǵyz-aq patsha aǵzamnyń dárgeii júrip turǵan. Abai sol aǵzamdy "zorlyqshyl úkimet" dep baǵalap otyr. Oiyn dál osylai ashyq aitqan orys oishyldarynyń birazy itjekkenge aidaldy. Chaadaevti "aqylynan adasqan" dep ósek taratyp, aqyry delbe qyldy emes pe. "Shetsiz-sheksiz mujyqtardyń patshalyǵyna ainalǵan Reseiden"(Berdiaev) budan artyq ne kútýge bolady?
Abaidyń rýhani táýelsizdiktiń aqyny ekenin "aqyndar qańǵyp, jendetter bilep júrgen"(Z.Tileýjanov) Reseidiń "mujyq patshalyǵynyń" dábirleri onyń ómiriniń sońynda baryp bir-aq ańǵardy. Ekinshiden, Abaidyń óleńderiniń jinaq bop basylmaýy da septigin tigizdi. Demek, Abaidyń otarshyldyqqa qarsy baǵyttalǵan óleńderi qazaq dalasyn emin-erkin nasihattaldy. Álihan Bókeihanov pen Ahmet Baitursynovtyń Abaidy birden túsinip, "qazaqtyń bas aqyny" dep baǵalaýynyń bir sebebi sonda. Muny Abaidyń ózi sezip:
Uiatyń, aryń oiansyn,
Bul sózimdi oilansyn, -
dep emeýrin tanytady.
Dál osy qoldanymdaǵy "uiatyń, aryń" degen sózdiń maǵynasyn – namys dep túsiný kerek. El namysy, jer namysy, ar namysy, azamattyq namys. Namystyń maqsaty - Táýelsizdik. "Basyńdy daýǵa, malyńdy jaýǵa qor qylmaý". "Bul sózimdi oilansyn" degendegi astarly megzeý soǵan jeteleidi. Al Abaidyń "úmit etken jasóspirim dostary" oilandy jáne sol Abai ańdatqan rýhani bostandyqty tý etti de muqym ulttyq múddeni "Alash" degen uranǵa biriktirdi. Birikkende sanaly "kemelder" ǵana namys bairaǵynyń astyna janyn qasym (?) etip jinalyp:
Alashtyń týy astynda,
Kýá bolsyn arymyz,
Kóbeitýge alashty,
Qurbandyq bizdiń janymyz,-
dep júregin jalaý qyp ustady.
Mundai azamattyq bostandyqqa, rýhani táýelsizdikke ushqyn túsirgen Abaidyń oily sózi edi. Azattyq jolyna birjola túsken tusynda Álihan Bókeihanov pen Ahmet Baitursynovtyń, Muhamedjan Tynyshbaev pen Mirjaqyp Dýlatovtyń, Sultanmahmut pen Maǵjannyń Abaidy tereń zertteýi soǵan dálel. Demek, Abai qazaqtyń ulttyq rýhy óltirmei, áseri urpaqqa tiri jetkizgen eliniń uly ultjandy tulǵasy. Ókinishke orai, sol uly ustazdyń "qor qylma qorǵa tatýlas" degen emeýrini oryndalmady. "Alashtyń":
Ishki janjal, talasty,
Kúnshildik pen harasty,
Myna jerge kómdik biz,
Jasasyn, Alash, jasasyn! -
dep anttasqanyna qaramastan «ant buzǵan anturǵandar» (Abai) da kezdesti.
Bir qazaqty qyryq jamaý etip, aqyry ózderi kurǵa quldyq diirmeniniń tasyna janshyldy.
Munyń sebebi ne jáne onyń "qarǵa tamyry" jatyr?
Abaidyń: "Birińdi qazaq biriń dos, kórmeseń istiń bár bos" degen ári túsinikti, ári shyndyq sózin uǵý úshin de aqyl kerek boldy ma? Joq. Onyń syry – psihologiialyq táýeldilikte. Adam sanasynyń jan túkpirinde jatqan osynaý kiltipandy qupiiany jeńý – ózińdi-óziń jeńý degen sóz. Ózgeni bylai qoiǵanda ata-ananyń kúndelikti tárbiesiniń ózi balany solarǵa psihologiialyq turǵydan táýeldi etedi.
Al adamnyń oiynyń barlyq múmkindigin paidalanyp ony ekinshi bir halyqty basybaily etýge jumsalǵan otarlaý saiasaty álmisaqtan beri tolassyz damyp, adamnyń eń názik sezimderine deiin baýrap alady. Dúniede eshqandai ǵylym dál osy táýeldilik túisikti qalyptastyrýdai turaqty damyǵan joq. Ony biz qazir saiasat degen tulǵasyz sózben almastyryp júrmiz.
"Saiasattaǵy ádilettilik – aqymaqtyq" – degen Napoleonnyń sózi eń dál aitylǵan anyqtama.
Saiasattyń astaryndaǵy eń birinshi shyndyq – psihologiialyq táýeldilik bolyp tabylady. Oǵan súienbeitin qoǵam joq. Sondyqtan da P.Ia.Chaadaevtyń:
"Tobyr – qoǵamnyń joǵarǵy satysynda turǵan belgili kúshterge boisunady, olar óz betterinshe derbes oilai almaidy. Solardyń ishinde álgiler úshin oilaityn, ulttyq tobyrlyq sanany qalyptastyryp, qoǵamdyq qozǵalysqa keltiretin az sandy ǵulamalar bolady. Az sandy kemelder qoǵamdy kesip-pishedi, qalǵandary qup alady, sóitip qozǵalysqa túsedi... Al, endi aityńyzdarshy, osy bizdiń ǵulamalarymyz qaida, bizdiń kemeńgerlerimiz qaida?... Qaisymyz bir nársege bas aýyrttyq, sonda biz úshin kim basyn aýyrtady?!" – dep suraq qoiýdyń mánisi osynda jatyr.
Qoǵamnyń, imperiianyń, jeke qairatkerdiń, belgili bir toptyń aldynda ózińdi basybaily sezinesiń. Ol ideianyń janyńnyń túkpirine, kúndelikti tirshiligińe, tanymyńa, qyzmetińe, úi ishińniń qyzmetine aralasyp ketetini sondai, tipti sol qubylysty tabiǵi táýelsizdiktiń kepili retinde sezinesiń. Bul jóninde Abai "Jiyrma úshinshi" sózinde kúiinip turyp:
"Endi jubanysh (y) – jalǵyz biz be, eldiń bári sóitip-aq júr ǵoi: "Kóppen kórgen uly toi", kóppen birge bolady da – degen sózdi jubanysh qylady. Oǵan qudai taǵala aityp pa: "Kópten qalmasań boldy" – dep, "Kópke qaharym júrmeidi" – dep? "Kópke tuzaǵym jetpeidi" – dep pe? Ǵylym kópke kelip pe? Bireýden tarap pa? Hikmet (keremet, alyp) kópten tarai ma? Birden tarai ma? Kópke qorlyq júrmei me?... Osy kóp aqymaqtyń bir aqymaqqa nesi jubanysh?!" – deidi.
Adamnyń eń qasietti seziminiń biri – dini senim. Bylai qaraǵanda biz ony týmysymyzdan tanymymyzǵa tán qubylys retinde qabyldaimyz jáne ony qatty ustanamyz.
Men de bir Allany medet tutamyn jáne bir kudiretti kúshtiń barlyǵyn moiyndaimyn.
Al "sýyq aqyl" turǵysynan kelsek, din ataýlynyń barlyǵy da óziniń jolyn qabyldaǵan adamdardy týa sala rýhani jáne psihologiialyq táýeldilikke májbúr etedi ǵoi. Taqýalar, rabinalar, mollalar arqyly júrgizilgen ýaǵyzdar oilanýǵa múmkindik qaldyrmaidy. "Quran-kárim" boiynsha árbir musylman: "Alla bireý, qiiamet qaiym hah, Muhammed allanyń elshisi" ekenin ýaǵyzben emes, óziniń bilimi arqyly tanyp tabynýy kerek. Bul "Qurannyń" uly jáne ádiletti qaǵidasynyń biri. Abaidyń:
"Kimde-kim jaqsy, jaman ǵibadat qylyp júrse, ony ǵibadattan tiiýǵa aýzymyz barmaidy. Lákin, sondai ada tolymdy ǵibadatqa ǵylymy jetpese de, (ǵibadat) qylsa eken. Biraq onyń eki sharty bar, sony bilse eken. Áýeli: imann iǵtihatyn (bailamyn) mahhamlemek (bekitpek) kerek, ekinshi (?) úirenip ketkenshe osy bolady ǵoi dep toqtamai, úirene berý kerek. Kimde-kim úirenip jetpei jatyp, úirengenin qoisa ony qudai urdy, ǵibadaty – ǵibadat bolmaidy", - dep otyrǵany da sol.
Allanyń hah ekenin aqylyńmen bil deidi. Demek, rýhani táýeldilikti bos qulshylyqpen alma, ǵylymdy qarý etip tanym arqyly iman keltir deidi. Bul degen psihologiialyq táýeldilikke qarsy pikir. Abai tabiǵi túsinikti bylai qoiǵanda Allanyń ózin senimmen tanyp qulshylyq etpegen pendeni "jannyń qory" dep esepteidi.
"... Iman saqtaýǵa qoryqpas júrek, ainymas kóńil, bosanbas býyn kerek. Iaǵni (oqý arqyly tanyǵan) imany bar deýge ǵylymy joq, Taklidi (túisik arqyly) imany bar deýge beriktigi joq, ia aldaǵanǵa, ia azǵyrǵanǵa, ia paidalanǵanǵa qarap: "aqty qara" dep, ia qarany "aq" dep, ótirikti "shyn dep ant etetuǵyn kisini ne deimiz? Qudai taǵala ózi saqtasyn! Árneshik bilmek kerek, joǵarǵy eki túrliden basqa iman joq" – dep qorytady Abai.
Iman – Abai úshin jan bostandyǵynyń kepili.
Mine, uly oishyldyń dál osy túiini ashylmai keldi. Túisindik. Biraq tujyrymdamadyq. Abaidyń:
Allanyń ózi de ras, sózi de ras,
Ras sóz esh ýaqytta jalǵan bolmas,-
deýi jai ǵana ýaǵyz emes.
Munda Alla jolyn tereń zerttep, oǵan shyn nietimen sengen, ǵylymi tujyrym jasap, filosofiialyq maǵyna tapqan tulǵanyń tolǵanysy, sanasynyń sáýlesi jatyr. Ol Allaǵa bireýdiń ýaǵyzy arqyly, iaǵni rýhani jáne psihologiialyq táýeldilik arqyly jetken joq. Táýelsiz tanym arqyly jetti. Bul pikir-ózgeniń pikiri emes Abaidyń óz pikiri. Sondyqtan da ol senimmen:
Mahabbatpen jaratqan adamzatty,
Sen de súi ol Allany jannan tátti, - deidi.
Jan bostandyǵyn, jan tazalyǵyn Abai Alladan izdeidi jáne Allanyń aqjolynan tabady. Alladan ózgege rýhyńdy táýeldi etpe deidi. Al Abai patsha aǵzamnyń qazaq halqyn shoqyndyrý týraly jarlyǵy daiyndalyp jatqanyn jaqsy bilgen. Dindi ózgertý, Abai úshin rýhani quldyqqa, basybailylyqka túsý. Ol shyrmaýǵa bir túsken adam qaityp shyǵa almaidy.
Qazaq eliniń jaǵdaiynda bul tolyqtai ult retinde joiylyp ketý degen sóz.
Psihologiialyq táýeldilikten, dálirek aitsaq, basybailylyq pen bodandyqtyń psihologiiasynan elin el etip, aǵylshyn otarlaýshylarynan azat etken Djavaharlal Nerý siiaqty dana kúreskerler de aryla almapty. Muhtar Áýezovtyń murajai úiindegi Dj. Nerýdiń "Indiiany taný" atty kitabyndaǵy belgi qoiylǵan myna pikir sony dáleldeidi. Onda:
"Indiianyń búkil bolmysy meniń qanymda qainap tur, onyń boiyndaǵy qubylystardyń barlyǵy meniń jan dúniemdi qatty tebirentedi. Sonda da men óz elime, onyń búginine, ózim baiqaǵan ótkenniń sarqynshaqtaryna jattyń kózimen jáne sondai jekkórinishpen qaradym. Men óz elimdi Batystyń kózqarasy arqyly tanydym jáne kádimgi dostyq peiildegi evropalyq oǵan qalai qarasa, men de solai qaradym. Óitkeni meniń elimniń tarihy aǵylshyndardyń kózqarasymen jazylǵan edi", - dep jazypty.
Týra sol tusqa Muhtar Áýezov qalammen:
"Meniń halqymnyń da tarihy solai jazylǵan" – dep belgi qoiypty.
Ulylardyń oiynyń toǵysýy tegin emes jáne tarihi shyndyq.
Uly adamdardyń uly júregin keýlei kemirgen táýeldiliktiń kúidirgisi Abai, Nerý, Muhtarlardyń tanymyn toqyratqanda qarapaiym pendeniń "kól qatsa qalybyna baratynyn" dáleldeitini belgili.
Sana táýelsiz bolmai eshqandai ult bostandyqqa jetpeidi.
Rýhani Bostandyqqa jetý – rýhani basybailylyktan, psihologiialyq táýeldilikten tolyqtai qutylý degen sóz emes. Mysaly: osydan myń jyl buryn jat elge táýeldi bolǵan eldiń tanymynda, salt-dástúrinde basqynshy jurttyń bir belgisi sózsiz qalady. Bógde ultty bylai qoiyp, qazaq jurtyn ǵana alaiyqshy: arabtardan dini senimdi aldyq, Shyńǵys hannan basqarý júiesin enshiledik, orys imperiiasynan evropashyldyqtyń múmkin bolǵan ǵylymi tujyrymynyń barlyǵyn sińirdik.
Bizdiń tarihymyz "solardyń kózqarasymen jazyldy".
Endi odan boi tartý úshin áldeneshe urpaq jańarý qajet.
Dál búgin týǵan náresteniń túsinigine ózgeris kirý, kirmeý ekitalai. Óitkeni onyń ákesiniń sanasy, tanymy, tárbiesi psihologiialyq táýeldilikten arylǵan joq. Ol náreste "Kesh jaryq, balalar" atty sharaina habaryndaǵy toraidy ár kún saiyn asyǵa kútedi. Endi oǵan toraidan súikimdi janýar joq. Demek, onyń sanasy tolyq taza táýelsiz sana deýge bolmaidy.
"Bulǵaqtyń (smýta) jemisi ony týdyrǵandarǵa buiyrmaidy: sebebi ol sýdy shaiqap tolqyn shaqyrady, al ondaǵy balyqty ózge urpaq aýlaidy... Mártebeli aǵzamnyń uly saraiynyń irgetasynan bastap qabyrǵasyna deiin qulatý, ony qabyrǵasynan bastap shatyryna deiin qulatýdan góri áldeqaida ońai", - dep Monten aitqandai, imperiiany qulatý ońai.
Al onyń seýip ketken psihologiialyq basybailylyǵyn jeńý qiyn.
Psihologiialyq táýeldiliktiń shyrmaýyna oralǵan tobyrlyq túsiniktiń yqpalynyń jansebildiligi sondai, kei kezeńderde sol "bodandyq belsendilik" ulttyq psihologiiany tunshyqtyryp, oǵan óshpendilik sezimin týdyrǵan. Oǵan "kommýnistik kolonizatorlyq" dep Smaǵul Sádýaqasov dál basyp aitqan dáýirdi eske alsaq ta jetkilikti. Leninizmniń sanaǵa kirip ketkeniniń bir dáiegi mynadai: Táýelsiz Qazaqstan Respýblikasynyń memlekettik qairatkeri bolyp otyrǵan dábirler keńsesiniń tórinde qulaǵan imperiia kóseminiń beinesi úsh jylǵa deiin ilýli turdy. Bul jóninen alǵanda Leninnen góri Nikolai patshanyń tuzy jeńil bop shyqty. Másele – Lenin men Nikolaidyń sýretinde emes basybailylyq psihologiiasynda. Áńgime Montenniń bileýshini taqtan qulatýyn qulatasyń-aý, biraq adamdardyń basyna sińip qalǵan basybailylyqtan qalai qutylarsyń degen emeýrini týraly. Abaidyń:
Ózderińdi túzeler dei almaimyn,
Óz qolyńnan ketken soń endi óz yrqyń, -
degen pikiriniń astary da sony ańǵartady.
Eldi iritkige ainaldyrý úshin qurylǵan patshalyq bolys sailaýyna qazaqtardyń jeligip ketkeni sondai, olardyń arasyndaǵy janyǵýdan general-gýbernatorlardyń ózi de seskenip qalypty. Qazaqty otarlaýdyń sońǵy nizamyn daiyndaýshylardyń biri Melnikovtyń Omby general-gýbernatory N.N.Sýhotinge bergen málimdemesinde:
"Sońǵy kezde bi men bolys sailaýy júiesiniń shyr ýyqtai shatasyp, turǵyndardyń jeligip alǵany sondai 1897 jyly partiia arasyndaǵy janjaldy báseńdetý úshin Jetisý dalalyq general-gýbernatory kóptegen bolystardy birneshe jeke bólikke bólip tastady. Alaida qoldanylǵan shara kútken nátijeni bermedi. Sailaý tusynda qazaqtardyń arasynda para, ant buzý, baqastyq, janjal, kisi óltirý ispetti qylyqtar burynǵydan da órship ketti, otyryqshylyqqa kesirin tigizip, egin egý jaiyna qaldy. Bolys pen bi sailaýy bolatyn jyldary olardyń sailaý naýqanyna jeligip ketetini sondai, Jetisý oblysyndaǵy qazaqtar egin egip, astyq orýdy da umytyp ketedi", - dep jazdy. Táýeldi tobyrlyq psihologiia degen osy. Berdiaevtiń «Resei mujyqtardyń memleketine ainalady» dep túńilýiniń, Abaidyń:
Bas basyńa bi bolǵan óńkei qiqym,
Mineki buzǵan joq pa eldiń siqyn, -
deýiniń astary osynda jatyr.
Bul rette: "Halyq – ult emes" degen Berdiaevtiń pikirine qosylýdan basqa amal qalmaidy.
Abaidyń da pikiri soǵan saldy. Ol da tobyrǵa qarsy jáne tobyrlyq psihologiianyń zardabyn Abaidan asyryp minegen oishyl kem de kem. Óitkeni patshalyq otarlaý júiesi qazaqtyń eldik qasietiniń, dástúriniń tamyryn birinen keiin birin baspalap júrip baltamen shaýyp jatty. Eń birinshi handyq bilikti qurtty. Bul otarlaýdyń eń jahildik tálimi men kóshpeli jurtty tereń zerttep baryp tapqan aiar ailasy edi.
Handyqty joiý – memlekettikti joiý, memleketpiz degen uǵymdy joiý, birtutas bilikti joiý, myńdaǵan jyldar boiy qalyptasqan eldi basqarý dástúrin joiý. Eldik, el bolyppyz-aý degen uǵymdy sanadan múldem óshirý.
Patshalyq monarhiia bastaǵan bul surqiia piǵyl "kommýnistik kolonizatorlyq" tusynda tolyqtai júzege asty. "Ózge ulttyń patshalarynyń bári jaqsy da osy qazaqtyń hanyna kelgende bári jaman bop shyǵa keletini nesi eken?" – dep ańqaýsi ashyna aitqan aqyn Ǵafý Qaiyrbekovtiń kúiinetini de sondyqtan.
Álemdegi otarlaý júiesiniń negizin qalaǵan ispandar men aǵylshyndar, japondar nege óziniń koroldary men imperatorlaryn áli kúnge deiin saqtap otyr. Sebebi:
"Balany ulsha tárbieleseń – ul bolmaqshy. Qulsha tárbieleseń – qul bolmaqshy" (A.Baitursynov).
Túrik ulany: "Sen dúniege túrik bolyp týǵanyń úshin baqyttysyń!" – degen Ata-Túrkiniń sózimen arqalanyp, ózin-ózi er ustap ósti. Amerikandyqtar: "Sen – dúniedegi eń qýatty, erkin oily, eń ozyq eldiń azamatysyń. Seniń Amerika Prezidenti bolýǵa tolyq qaqyń bar jáne prezident bolasyń!" – dep tárbieleidi balasyn. "Seniń uiatyń – Japoniianyń uiaty. Japoniianyń uiaty – imperator!" – dep úiretedi ul-qyzyn japondyqtar. "Bolashaq Indiia – sensiń! Sen qandai keremet bolsań – Indiia sondai ǵajaiyp bolady!" – dep uran tastady Djavaharlal Nerý.
Al biz qalai tárbielendik jáne qalai tárbieledik? Biz, qazaq ultynyń uldary, "keshe saýatsyz, qarańǵy jurt edik. Orystar kep shyraq jaqty. Kózińdi ashty. Sol úshin balańnyń balasyna ósiet et: aǵa halyqtyń aldynda iilip ótsin. Onsyz kúniń joq!" – degen basybailylyq rýhynda eńsemiz ezilip, belimiz búgilip óstik. Aqyn Tóleýjan Ysmaiyluly aitqandai:
"Aǵa!" – dedik – týymyzdy oń ustar,
"Baran!" – dedi sonda bizdi orystar.
Bul basybaily kúige biz kóndik. Kóndirdi. Táýelsiz memleket atanǵannan soń da piǵyl men jaltaqtyq joiylǵan joq.
Bala tárbiesiniń astarynda ulttyq ústemdik, memlekettik tutastyq, memlekettik múdde, memlekettik ideologiia jáne ulttyq maqtanysh jatyr. Muny Abai túsingen. Ol:
"Sáýleń bolsa keýdeńde,
Myna sózge kóńil ból.
Eger sáýleń bolmasa,
Meiliń tiril, meiliń ól.
Tanymassyń, kórmessiń,
Qaptaǵan soń kózdi shel " –
dep qatýlana sóileidi. Sondaǵy aitpaǵy:
Kóp shýyldaq ne tabar,
Bastamasa bir kemel, -
degen oi.
Abai biliktiń jaǵdaiatyn jáne onyń baptaryn jaqsy bilgen. Ózi de zań shyǵarýǵa qatysqan. Ol derbes áńgime. Dál qazir biliktiń basybaily tobyrlyq psihologiiasy qaqynda pikir qozǵalyp otyr ǵoi. Abai halyqty nege jaqtady? Sebebi 1822 jylǵy nizam boiynsha handyq bilik joiyldy.
Bul – qazaq memlekettigi joiyldy degen sóz.
Endi ár dýandy aǵa sultan bileitin boldy. Onyń qasynda mindetti túrde orys maiory bolady jáne áskerge sol ielik etedi. Bolystyq ejelgi túzilim boiynsha emes, bir rýdy ekige bólip, aralas sailaý tásili arqyly ótkizildi. Munyń astarynda sailaýshylardy jáne sailanýshylardy bir-birimen jaýlastyryp qoiý maqsaty turdy. Dýan saiyn beket salyndy. Onda negizinen orystar qonystanatyny belgili.
Bul sailaý júiesi boiynsha eldik múdde degen múlde qozǵalmaidy. Iaǵni qazaq eliniń muń-muqtajyn kózdegen ortaq baǵdarlama talqyǵa salynbaidy. Ár aǵa sultannyń quqy óz dýanynda ǵana júredi. Demek, ortaq eldik múdde óshti degen sóz. "Bas basyna bi boldy". Al ol biler el ishine alaýyzdyq ákeldi. Qazaqtyń tutastyǵy joiyldy. Berekesi ketti. Abaidyń oiynsha:
Berekeli bolsa el,
Jaǵasy jailaý ol bir kól.
Japyraǵy jaiqalyp,
Bulǵaqtaidy soqsa jel.
Jan-jaǵyna kúrkirep,
Quiyp jatsa aqqan sel.
Onyń maly ózgeden
Ózgeshe bop óser – edi.
"Jańa nizam" sol berekeni buzdy. "Kóp shýyldaq" eshteńe tapqan joq. Kerisinshe berekesi ketti. Al:
Berekesi ketken el,
Sýy ashyǵan batpaq kól.
Qus qańqyldap, jaǵalap,
Sýlai almas jazǵy tól.
Onyń sýyn ishken mal,
Tyshqan tiip, aspas bel.
Kól dep ony kim jailar,
Sýy qursyn ol bir shól – boldy.
Demek, óleńdi saiasi tilge aýdarsaq, "Jańa nizam" qazaq memlekettigin ǵana qurtyp qoiǵan joq, sonymen qatar onyń elin de, jerin de tozdyrdy. Qut-berekesin qashyrdy.
Jaqsy bolsyn, jaman bolsyn, áiteýir qazaq eliniń ishinde hannyń sózi ótimdi bolatyn. Hannyń keńesshisi – biler edi. Olarǵa aqyl qospai sheshim qabyldanbaityn. Han men bi arasyndaǵy daýdy taǵy da sol ara bi sheshetin. Halyqtyq demokratiia saqtalatyn.
Eń bastysy – memlekettik uǵym bar edi. Jer, jesir, qun daýyn han sheshetin memlekettik mártebe bar edi. Sonyń bárinen airylǵan el kóshbasshysyz qaldy. Iaǵni eldiń erki, bolashaǵy, bostandyǵy tobyrdyń qolyna berildi.
Aǵa sultandar bir-bir qoshqar bolyp aldy da bir qazanǵa bastary syimady. Al qazan degenimiz – halyq berekesi emes pe edi? Sony tolǵana kelip Abai: "sóz bireý, bilik bireý bolsa kerek" deidi. Bul pikirin ol óleń arqyly:
Edinitsa – jaqsy,
Ergen eli beine kól.
Edinitsa nólsiz-aq,
Óz basyńdyq bolar sol.
Edinitsa ketkende,
Ne bolady óńkei nól? –
dep jetkizedi.
Abaidyń bul óleńi osy ýaqytka deiin taldanbai keldi. Ol túsinikti. Ózi tobyrǵa súiengen memleket tobyrdy joqqa shyǵara almaidy.
Memleket basyndaǵylar ózin "kósem, kemel" dep sezinip, dáriptetkenimen, halyqpen jasyrynbaq oinady. Olarǵa ult emes tobyr, táýeldik psihologiiasy sanasynan óshpegen "qara halyq" kerek boldy. Al sol tobyrlar qoǵamynda ósken ádebietshi men filosoftar, tarihshylar Abaidy qaǵytýmen, Abaidy (!) túzeýmen jáne ony úiretýmen boldy. Árine, oǵan Abaidyń eshteńesi ketken joq. Tek sondai kerazýlarǵa jaýap retinde:
Berekeńdi qashyrma,
El tynysh bolsa, jaqsy sol.
Ras sózge talasyp,
Aqjem bolma, janym, kel, -
dep sóz tastap ketti.
Kerazýdyń aty – kerazý. Sondyqtan da olar Abaidyń bul sózin eskermedi. Abaidyń nesi ketti?
Tek kerazý endi syńar ezýge ainaldy. "Aqjem bolma" degen sóziniń maǵynasy – "bas basyńa bi bolamyn" dep jelikpe, "eldiń shyrqyn buzba", "berekesin qashyrma", "eliń tynysh bolsyn" deseń: "ras sózge talasyp, aqjem bolma, janym", "kel", "óz basyndyq bolaiyq", táýelsiz janǵa erik bereiik jáne sonyń sońynan ereiik degen emeýrin ǵoi. Joq, "Toqsannyń toby" olai istemedi, kerisinshe, "el ishindegi bir kemelderdi" tutqynǵa túsirdi, oqtyń ushyna bailap berdi. Mine, rýhani, psihologiialyq táýeldiliktiń kesiri.
Kóp aitsa – kóndi,
Jurt aitsa – boldy,
Ádeti nadan adamnyń, -
degendegi ashý-yzanyń túp tórkini sonda.
Dana adam retinde Abai bul shyndyqty óte tereń túsindi. Sol otarlaý, orystandyrý, shoqyndyrý, joiý saiasatyn qarapaiym patsha dábiri de bildi. Bildi de qazaq ultynyń bolashaǵyn:
"Budan ári qarai olarǵa joiylyp ketý joly ǵana qaldy. Jer bólisi tusynda olardyń birazy kórge kiredi, ekinshi toby hristian dinin qabyldap, orysqa ainalady, úshinshiler tuqym qaldyrmastan tuzdai quridy, tórtinshilerin jalǵa alǵan jerinen bireý yǵystyryp shyǵarady, dál qazir temir jolǵa jaqyn shekaraly jerde sondai oqiǵa bolyp otyr, olardyń qańyrap basy qalady nemese jaldanyp júrgen jalshyǵa, qaladaǵy fabrikalar men zaýyttarda kúneltip júrgen jumysshyǵa ainalady. Qysqasyn aitqanda, olar jumysshynyń kúiin keshedi, joǵalady, sińip ketedi, qolaily jaǵdai týsa taǵy da paida bolady. Sondyqtan da Ertis boiyndaǵy jataqtar men kóshpeli qazaqtar týraly pálendei alańdaýdyń qajeti joq, olarǵa arnap otyryqshylandyrý, jer berý týraly jarlyq shyǵarmai-aq qoiǵan jón, onsyz da olar óz-ózinen joiylyp bitedi", - dep sáýegeilik aitty.
Bul jai sóz emes, Melnikovtyń qazaq jeri men elin bútindei igerip, dalany orystandyrý týraly jospary bolatyn. Ol jospar birneshe ret talqylanyp, 1902-1916 jyldardyń arasynda júzege asyrylýy tiis edi. Qazaqtyń baqtalaiy bar eken. Resei jahiliniń ol piǵylyn 1902-1905 jyldar aralyǵyndaǵy orys-japon soǵysy men 1914 jylǵy I dúniejúzilik soǵys júzege astyrtpai tastady. Abaidyń:
Shydasań esti qashyrmai,
Quldatyp, qor qyp jibermek, -
dep otyrǵanynyń ózi osy ǵoi.
Melnikovtiń "proletariattanyp", shoqynyp, orystanyp, jaldanyp ketedi degenin uly Abai "Quldatyp, qor qyp jibermek" – dep óleń jolymen bildirip tur.
Múdde – ekeý, pikir men qorytyndy bireý – táýeldilik. Bul is júzege asyrylyp jatty. Oǵan myna derek dálel.
"Osyndai sharalar arqyly isti ońǵa qoiyp, jolǵa túsirip alǵan soń missioner jiberý kerek. Olar qazaqtardyń ustanǵan dininiń durys emes ekendigin jáne Isa paiǵambardyń jiberýimen kelgenderin, sonymen qatar Patsha aǵzam qandai din ustansa, onyń quzyryndaǵylar da sol dinge kirýi kerek ekendigin, al qazaqtardyń dininiń bul dinge (bir sóz naqty tanylmady – T.J.) jat ekenin dáleldeýi tiis. Sodan keiin imperator aǵzam búkil konsýldyqtarǵa: "Meniń quzyrymdaǵy qazaqtarym islam dinindegi múftilerge baǵynatyn, biraq ta islamnyń shariǵatyna qazaqtar baǵynǵysy kelmeidi. 68 jylǵy Erejeniń 97 jáne 98 tarmaqtaryna sáikes olar múftilik baǵynýdan alynyp, ár bolysta dini rásimdi óteý úshin jeke-jeke molda sailanǵan bolatyn. Sonymen birge moldalardyń mindeti – týǵan balalardy tirkep, olarǵa at qoiý bolatyn. Qysqasyn aitqanda, shariǵattyń barlyq talaptaryn oryndaýǵa tiis edi. Alaida qazaqtar óziniń moldalarynyń talaptaryn oryndamady. Olardy kózge ilmedi, óziniń rýhani dástúrin ustandy, balalaryna – Qoilybai, Jylqybai, Itaiaq dep at qoidy, keiin ózderine arnap orys mektebin ashýdy talap etip ótinish bildirdi. Mektep ashyldy. Endi qazaqtar óziniń dinin ózgertkisi keletini týraly ótinish jasap otyr", - dep habarlaýy kerek edi"
Dinin satý – Abai úshin qasietsizdiktiń belgisi. Shoqynýdy anturǵandyq dep uǵady. Missionerlik qozǵalysqa, onyń jymysqy tásilderine jiirkene qarap:
Qasietsiz týǵan – ol da jat,
Kúńkildep berer sazańdy, -
deidi Abai.
Shyndyǵynda da Arhireidiń joǵarydaǵy nusqaýy sol, kúńkildeýge qurylǵan. Abai "Ýaǵyzdy" – kúńkildeý dep otyr. Múláiimsip júrip múskin etetin taqýalar Abaiǵa tańsyq emes edi.
Abaidyń noǵailardy "dinge de berik" dep úlgi tutýynyń bir mánisi osy shoqyndyrý týraly ýaǵyzdy bilgendiginde. "Basyńdy daýǵa, malyńdy – jaýǵa, qor qylma qorǵa, tatýlas!" – deidi sondyqtan da Abai.
Tursyn Jurtbai
"Kúiesiń, júrek... súiesiń" kitabynan
