Uly Dalanyń teńdessiz tarihnamasy

Uly Dalany mekendegen kósh­peliler qurǵan alyp memleketter álemdik tarihtyń dońǵalaǵyn ilgeri jyljytyp, adamzat órkenietin aiqyndaýshy betburystar jasaǵany belgili. Bul rette, túrli kezeńder men ­­ al­maǵaiyp dáýirlerdegi qoǵam­dyq bolmystyń naqtyly kes­kin-kelbetin, etnomádeni quby­lystardy, rý-taipalyq qury­lymdardy, saiasi ekonomi­ka­lyq júie men syrtqy qarym-qatynastardy tanýǵa ortaǵa­syr­lyq shyǵys tildi jazba derek­terdiń  orny  airyqsha baǵaly.

Túrki álemi tarihynda taǵdyr­sheshti passionarlyq qýatty qubylys baiqalyp, XIII-XIV ǵasyrlarda dúnie júzin dúr silkindirgen uly imperiia  irgesi boi kóterdi, Uly Dalada buryn-sońdy bolmaǵan orasana zor dúbir­li ózgerister boldy. Shyńǵys qaǵan shańyraǵyn kóterip, keregesin kergen kógentúp kóshpeli qaýymnyń ortaq ordasy Eýraziia keńistigin qamtydy. Sondyqtan da tórtkúl dúnieniń ulan-ǵaiyr aýmaǵyn alyp jatqan alyp imperiia tarihyna qatysty san alýan tilderde júzdegen jazba eskertkishter men alýan túrli túpderekter paida boldy.

Qazirgi kezeńde altyn áýlet ur­paǵy alty qurlyqqa kemel bilik júr­gizgen kemeńger Shyńǵys qaǵannan memle­kettik bastaýyn tartatyn elder  de kóp, bul taqyrypta qalam tartatyn jandar da az emes. Osyǵan bailanys­ty keide túpderekterge súienbeýden balań da ushqary pikirler, jańsaq joramaldar da aitylyp júrgeni belgili. Saiyp kelgende, munyń negizgi sebebi túpnusqa derekterdi oqymaýdan, qol­jazbany ǵylymi deńgeide igermeýden týǵan olqylyqtan deýge bolady.

Osy oraida Shyńǵys han qurǵan imperiia tarihyna qatysty kanondyq nusqadaǵy ortaǵasyrlyq parsy derekkózderi arasynda áigili Rashid ad-din Fazlýllah ibn Imad ad-Daýla Abýl-Hair Ali Hamadanidiń (1247-1318 j.j) «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» eńbeginiń baǵasy orasan zor.

Este joq yqylym zamandardan beri kóptegen tulǵalar, jylnamashylar men shejireshiler óz tanym-túsinikteri men kózqarastary turǵysynan adamdar men aimaqtar, turǵyndar men olardyń turmys-tirshilikteri týraly kóptegen kitap jazǵanymen, dúnieniń tórt buryshynan jiylǵan túrli málimetterdi tekserip, derek­ter­di salystyra otyryp, tutas Eýraziia qurlyǵyndaǵy adamzat tarihyn tolyq baian­daǵan alǵashqy irgeli eńbek – Rashid ad-dinniń osy shyǵarmasy boldy.

Rashid ad-din 1247 jyly Irannyń Hamadan qalasynda dári-dármek jasaityn oqymysty dárigerler áýletinde dúniege kelgen. Atasy men ákesi Qulaǵý hannyń saraiynda dáriger bolyp qyzmet etken. Osyndai bilimdi otbasynda dúniege kelgen ol jaqsy bilim alyp, áýeli Qulaǵý hannyń uly Abaqa hannyń dárigeri ári hatshysy bolǵan. Asa qabiletti, daryndy, jan-jaqty oqymysty ǵalymdy baǵalaǵan Ǵazan han ony 1298 jyly Elhan mem­leketiniń ýáziri shenine deiin kóter­gen. Rashid ad-din kóptegen kitap­tar men risalalar jazǵan. Húsni hat pen miniatiýra sheberlerin, sýret­shiler men ustalardy jáne aýdarmashylardy mańaiyna jinaǵan onyń kitaphanasy asa bai bolǵan. Jiyrma jyldyq ýázirlik qyzmetinde kóptegen kitaphanalar, aýrýhanalar, medreseler saldyrǵan. Óz qarajatyna Tebriz qalasynda «Rýb-i Rashidi» dep atalatyn arnaiy qalashyq saldyrǵan. Ulyna jazǵan hatynyń birinde Rashid ad-din bul qalashyqta 30 myńdai úi, 24 kerýen sarai, 1 500 dúken, monshalar, baýlar men baqshalar, ustahanalar, qonaq úiler, 6000 shákirt oqityn, 400 ǵalym dáris oqityn iri medrese ornalasqanyn aitady. Sondyq­tan keibir zertteýshiler «Rýb-i Rashidi» qalashyǵyn Irannyń alǵash­qy ýniversiteti dep sanaidy.

Osyndai kórnekti ǵalym, qairat­ker tulǵa bolǵan Rashid ad-din «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» dep atalatyn tarih­tar jinaǵyn Elhan memleketiniń ámirshisi Ǵazan hannyń jarlyǵy boiynsha 1300 jyly bastap, 1316 jyly Oljaiytu sultan dáýirinde támamdaǵan. Ol týraly ǵulamanyń ózi: «Búkil álem halyqtary men adam­­zattyń túrli toptarynyń ómir salty men hikaialaryn qamtityn tarih osy ýaqytqa deiin eshbir dáýirde jasalmaǵan ári ol memleketterde ózge elder men qalalar týraly málimetter jazylǵan eshqandai kitap bolma­ǵan, oǵan qosa burynǵy patshalar­dyń eshbiri zertteýler men izdenister júrgizbedi, kitaptar shyǵarmady», – dei otyryp, Ǵazan hannyń jarlyǵy boiynsha osyndai irgeli jumystyń bastalǵanyn, ol buiryqty oryndaý úshin barlyq elderdiń ǵalymdary men bedeldi adamdarynan derekter jinastyrylyp, anyqtaý jumys­taryn júrgizgenin, kóne kitaptardyń rettelip tańdap alynǵanyn, solardan saraptalyp, úzindiler alynǵanyn baian­daidy.   

Irgeli eńbektegi derekter men máli­metterdi jinaqtaý isine sol dáýirdegi túrki, parsy, arab, qytai, tibet, úndi jáne taǵy basqa halyqtardyń tarihshylary men bilgir shejireshileri, jylnamashylary men asqan oqymys­tylary jumyldyrylǵan. Sol jinaq­talǵan mol málimetter men derekter handardyń sarai ordasyndaǵy keń­selik qupiia qujattarmen salystyrylyp saralanyp, dáldikpen dáiektelip, júieli jinaqqa ainalǵan.

Ǵulama ǵalym Rashid ad-dinniń osynaý entsiklopediialyq asa qundy týyn­dy­synyń tarihi derektanýlyq mańyz­­dylyǵy tótenshe bólek eke­ni belgili. Onyń «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» shyǵarmasy sol kezdegi Shyń­ǵys qaǵannyń muragerleri men kýáger­lerdiń, shejireshi tarihshylar­dyń talqysy men kómegi arqyly bekitilgen birden-bir shynaiy túpnusqa  derek­kózi bolyp sanalady. Bul eńbektiń derek­terdi júieleý ádisi, shyndyq­qa kýágerlik etýi, tulǵatanýshylyq sipaty, han ordasynda saqtalǵan qupiia qujattarǵa negizdelýi, arqaýyna adal­dyq pen jaýapkershilikti úlgi etýi  qazirgi otandyq tarih ǵylymy úshin de mańyzdy metodologiialyq sara úlgi deýge bolady. Munda tek kóshpeliler álemi ǵana emes, dúnie júziniń tarihy keń aýqymda, hronologiialyq asa iri merzimde qamtylady, sol sebepten mundai  irgeli de kúrdeli eńbek buryn-sońdy adamzat tarihynda sol dáýirde jazylǵan emes.

Rashid ad-dinniń tarih jáne tarihshy týraly túsinikteri de óte tereń. «Tarihshynyń mindeti – ár halyqtyń, ár taipanyń barlyq hikaialary men tarihi shejiresin sol eldiń arasyndaǵy kitaptardan, el arasyna tanymal bolǵan máshhúr ári syily adamdardyń áńgimelerinen ala otyryp kitapqa engizý, ózgerissiz jetkizý ári jazyp alý bolady. Al jet­kizilgen riýaiattardyń shyndyǵy­nyń jaýapkershiligi – riýaiatty jetkizýshiniń moinynda» dep jazady ǵulama. Tarihi derekterdi salystyra zertteýdiń negizin qalaǵan Rashid ad-din «tarihshy óz qiialynan bir nárse qosar bolsa, onda ol mindetti túrde negizsiz ári qate bolady» dep tujyrymdaidy. Bultartpas aiǵaq pen buljymas derekti ǵana baǵdar-basshylyqqa alatyn osy qaǵidat keide qazirgi tarihshylarymyzǵa da jetispei jatatynyn qynjyla moiyndaýymyz kerek.

Ult tarihy úshin asa mańyzdy osy qundy eńbekte Uly Dalada ǵasyr­lar boiy ómir súrip, tirshilik etken halyqtardyń paida bolýy, olardyń túrli taipalarǵa bólinýi, solardyń qatarynda keiinen qazaq dep atalǵan halyqty qurǵan rý-taipalardyń shyǵý tegi men damý tarihy, ómirlik salt-dástúrleri men ataqonystary, bir birimen qarym-qatynastary jáne osy taipalardyń arasynan shyq­­qan, álemniń basym bóligin ba­ǵyn­­dyryp, Uly imperiia qurǵan dańq­ty Shyńǵys hannyń ómirbaiany men shejiresi, ǵasyrlar boiy bilik qur­ǵan urpaqtarynyń jylnamasy, sol kez­deri olarmen zamandas, qanattas ómir súrgen elderdegi eleýli oqiǵalar jan-jaqty qamtylǵan.

Tereń tarihty qozǵaǵan bul tolymdy týyndy ásirese túrki dúniesi úshin asa qundy derek kózi bolyp sanalady. Tarihyn tasqa qashap qaldyrǵan túrkilerdiń taǵdyry bizge negizinen qytai, arab jáne parsy jáne basqa da halyqtardyń ókilderi jazǵan qoljazbalar men jylnamalar arqyly jetkeni belgili. Olardyń birazyn biz áli kúnge deiin saraptap, suryptamai, Quran sózindei kórip, qabyldap júrmiz. Al Rashid ad-dinniń eńbegi bizge ózge elderde jazylǵan qoljazbalardy salystyra otyryp, oǵan deiin kóbine aýyzsha aitylyp, urpaqtan-urpaqqa jyr joldarymen jetken, keide ańyz-ápsanaǵa ainalyp, túgendelmei jatqan jaýyn­ger jurttyń mol murasyn da bir izge túsirip, júielep berdi. Bul týraly avtor bylai deidi: ««... muǵýldardyń jáne muǵýldarǵa týysqan bolyp keletin barsha túrki taipalarynyń shejirelerin, bólek-bólek, shashylyp jatqan, osy ýaqytqa deiin olardy jinaýǵa eshkimniń qoly barmaǵan, eshkimge olardy retke keltirip, jinaq­taý baqyty buiyrmaǵan, sonyń saldarynan búkil tarihshylar olardyń jartysyn halyq aýzynan estip alyp, keiin óziniń qalaýy men kóńiline sai kúide baiandap kelgen, al olardyń shynaiy mán-jaiyn eshkim bilmegen, eshkim teksere almaǵan hikaialardy ári olardyń baianyn... saqtalyp jatqan jerlerinen taýyp, olardy saraptap, synǵa alyp, jazbalarda jazylǵan derek­terdiń dáldigin tekserip, tereń zer­tteýden ótkizip, olardy jinap, kerek­tisin retke keltirip, minsiz tir­kes­ter kúiinde baiandap, osy ýaqytqa deiin syr jamylǵysynyń astynda saqtalyp kelgen hikaialardy, keremet te, kórkem aqyl-oidyń sulýlaryn ashyq alańǵa shyǵaryp, álemge jariia etip kórsetsin» dep patsha ámir etti».

Osy joldardan biz avtordyń túrki rý-taipalarynyń shyǵý tegi men tarihyn jetik biletin suńǵyla bekter men asqan bilimpazdardyń sózderine den qoiǵanyn, shejireshilerge júgingenin, solardan oqiǵalardyń anyq-qanyǵyn teksergenin baiqaimyz. Ózi bul týraly «...ol túrki halyqtary jaily derekterdi árbir qaýymnyń ataqty riýaiatshylary men naqylshylarynyń jetkizgenine sáikes jáne olardyń keibir kitaptarynda tabylǵandaryn alyp, ózgertpei keltirýde» degen Rashid ad-dinniń Qashqaridiń áigili túrik sózdigi siiaqty irgeli eńbekterdi paidalanǵanyn ańǵaramyz. Shejireshiler arasynda uly ámir Bolat chinsannyń esimin erekshe ataǵan ǵulama ǵalym bul tarihtar jinaǵyn jazyp shyǵý úshin ózinen burynǵy Tabari, Ibn Asir, Masǵýdi, Birýni, Balhi, Nishabýri, Ravandi, Týsi, Jývaini siiaqty tarihshylardyń eńbekterinde keltirilgen derekterdi de retimen qoldanǵany da anyq.

Nuh paiǵambardan bastap, Oǵyz han násilinen taraityn Shyńǵys han jáne onyń urpaqtary jaily sózin sabaqtaǵan Rashid ad-din Uly Dala tarihyndaǵy kóptegen irgeli qaýymdar men olardan shyqqan kór­nekti qairatkerler, dańqty tulǵa­lar týraly baiandaidy, sonyń ishinde oǵyz, qańly, qypshaq, qarluq, qalash, uiǵyr, qyrǵyz, tatar, jalaiyr, mer­kit, naiman, kereit, qońyrat jáne Ergeneqonnan shyqqan ózge de rý-tai­palar jaiynda mol málimetter beredi. Rashid ad-dinniń eńbeginde sol dáýirdiń qalalary men eldi mekenderi, jaǵrapiialyq aimaqtar men jer-sý ataýlary týraly da  qundy derekter baiandalady. Máselen, ol Sairam qalasy týraly «Kári Sairam – óte kóne ári asa keń de úlken qala. Qalany kórgender onyń basynan aiaǵyna deiin bir kúndik jol jáne onda qyryq qaqpanyń bar ekenin jetkizedi» dep jazady. Mine, osylai muqiiat jinalyp, múltiksiz júielengen málimetter men derekter oqyrmanǵa ádemi minia­tiýra-sýrettermen ásem bezendirilip usynylady. Aita keterlik jait, bul miniatiýralar sol kezeńniń turmys-tirshiligin beineleý turǵysynan da asa qundy bolyp sanalady. 

Sondyqtan ótkenge úńilgen árbir tarihshy men kóziqaraqty oqyrman tarapynan talassyz moiyndalǵan klassikalyq eńbek ózinen keiingi sol zamannyń jylnamasyn jazýshylar úshin de sáýle shashyp, baǵdar berip, jolashar úlgi bolyp, sodan shyǵarmanyń dástúrin jalǵaǵan qadaý-qadaý qundy dúnieler týdy. Mysaly Qadyrǵali bi Qosymuly Jalaiyri 1602 jyly jazǵan  «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» shyǵarmasy, Hiýa hany Ábilǵazy Bahadúrdiń   «Shajara-i tarakima» (1661 j.), «Shajara-i týrk» (1665 j.) atty týyndylardyń altyn arqaýy ári tarihi-derektanýlyq negizderi de Rashid ad-dinniń osy «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» shyǵarmasy bol­ǵan edi. Sondyqtan bolsa kerek, áigili shyǵystanýshy ǵalym, akademik V.V.Bartold «tarihi entsik­lopediialyq mundai eńbekter orta ǵasyrlarda álemniń eshbir halyq­tarynda, Aziiada da, Eýropada da bolǵan joq  dep» joǵary baǵa bergen. Sol siiaqty I.P.Petrýshevskii de bul shyǵarma týraly «Kóshpendilerdiń etnostyq bailanystaryn, áleýmettik ómirin, turmysyn, quqyqtary men ańyzyn Rashid ad-din naqty, tolyq­qandy jáne dáldikpen sýrettedi, biz mundai qoljazbalardy basqa bir halyqtardyń eshbir derekkózderinen taba almaimyz» dep jazdy.

«Jamiǵ at-taýarih» jinaǵynyń birsypyra bólimi 1836 jyly frantsýz tiline aýdarylǵan bolatyn. Odan keiin 1858-1888 jyldary I.N. Berezin orys tiline,  1911 jyly E.Bloshe frantsýz tiline aýdardy. Sonymen qosa, 1936 jyldan bastap  KSRO Shyǵystaný institýty ǵylymi qyzmetkerleri tarapynan orys tiline aýdarylyp, 1946 jyly 3-shi tomy, 1952 jyly 1-shi tomy, 1960 jyly 2-shi tomy jaryq kórdi. Orys tilindegi bul aýdarmanyń saiasi tsenzýralyq qatań baqylaýda jaryqqa shyqqan, ábden eskirgen jáne burmalanǵan aýdarma bolǵanyn erekshe atap ótkimiz keledi. Eshbir túpnusqa­lyq faksimilesi berilmegen aýdarmada Ortalyq Aziia tarihyna qatys­ty tustaryna qajet­ti túsiniktemeler jańsaq, tip­ten kemshilik­teri kóp bolǵan. Sony­men birge «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» jin­a­ǵyn­da túrli-tústi sýret­terimen beril­gen asa qundy miniatiýralary, she­ji­releri, tańbalary  sekildi bai mura­lary da múldem nazardan tys qal­ǵan edi. Odan keiin 1968 jáne 1980 jyldary A.A.Ali-zade «Jamiǵ at-taýarih» jinaǵynyń 2 tom qoljazba nusqalarynyń salystyrmaly mátinderin jariialady.

Mine, osyndai irgeli eńbek alǵash ret tolyq aýdarylyp, qazaq oqyr­mandaryna jol tartyp otyr. HIH ǵasyrdan bastap aǵylshyn, frantsýz, nemis, orys, qytai jáne ózge tilderge aýdaryla bastaǵan teńdessiz týyndy alǵash ret qazaq tiline 2017 jyly aýdarylyp, Ońtústik Qazaq­stan oblysy ákimshiliginiń demeý­shiligimen jaryq kórgen edi. Ony qazaq tiline tikelei aýdarǵan arab, par­sy tilderiniń bilgir mamany, Qazaq­stan musylmandary dini basqar­ma­synyń Ǵulamalar keńesi múshesi, Ońtús­tik Qazaqstan memle­kettik ýniver­sitetiniń «Túrkitaný» ǵyly­mi-zert­teý ortalyǵy­nyń aǵa ǵy­ly­mi qyzmet­keri Záripbai Jumanuly Orazbai.

Halyqaralyq Túrki akademiiasy­nyń uiymdastyrýymen alǵashqy aýdarmanyń keibir kemshin tustary tolyqtyrylyp, kóne sózderdiń arnaiy sózdigi rettelip, júielengen, ǵylymi talapqa sai ekinshi basylymy baspaǵa usynylyp, zerdeli zertteýshiler men oqyrman qaýymǵa usynylyp otyr. 

Bul tusta aýdarmashy ǵylym talabyna sai qoljazbada jazylǵan mátindi eshqandai ózgertpei, sózbe-sóz qaz-qalpynda aýdardy. Sondyqtan aýdarmashy parsy tilindegi túpnusqadaǵy túrli halyqtardyń attary men jer-sý ataýlaryn jáne arnaiy terminderdi múmkindiginshe túpnusqaǵa sáikes qaz-qalpynda tańbalaýdy kózdedi. Aýdarmaǵa negiz bolǵan shyǵarmanyń parsy tilindegi 1528 bet nusqasy 1994 jyly Tegeranda «Al-Barz» baspasy tarapynan shyǵarylǵan. Bul tolyq nusqanyń faksimilesi de qosa berildi.

Osy rette Elbasynyń «Rýhani jańǵyrý» baǵdarlamasy aiasynda jaryq kórgen kitapty aýdarýǵa túrtki bolǵan, onyń sapaly shyǵýyna jana­shyrlyq tanytqan tanymal tulǵa Beibit Atamqulovqa jáne eńbegi siń­gen barsha azamattarǵa sheksiz alǵy­symyzdy bildiremiz.

Qundy eńbek tarihymyzdy túgen­deýge, jadynyń jańǵyryp, ult­tyq kody­myzdy túisinýge, sol ar­qyly hal­qy­myzdyń rýhani jańǵyrýy­na qyz­met etetinine kúmán joq. Sondyq­tan tarlan tarihymyzdyń aqtańdaq betterin asha túsetin baǵaly eńbek barshamyzǵa qutty bolsyn!

Darhan QYDYRÁLI,

"Egemen Qazaqstan" gazeti