Tarih pen taǵylym

Qazaq jeri álemdik mańyzy bar uly oqiǵalar men ózgeristerdi san ret bastan ótkizgen. Olardyń birazy dúnie júzi tarihynan laiyqty ornyn taýyp otyr. Máselen, IV ǵasyrda ǵundardyń túrtki bolýymen bastalǵan halyqtardyń uly qonys aýdarýy Rim imperiiasynyń kúireýine ákelse, ejelgi dáýirden bastaý alǵan Uly Jibek jolynyń taǵdyrynda da qazaq dalasynyń yqpaly aitarlyqtai.

Tarihi derekterge júginsek, qazaq­tyń qut mekenin alys-jaqyn halyqtar men memleketter túrlishe ataǵanmen, bol­mys-bitimin negizinen dalamen bailanystyrǵanyn baiqaimyz. Ejelgi rýs­tikter «Polovetster dalasy» dep bilse, orta ǵasyrlardaǵy arab jazbala­ryn­da «Mafazat-al gýz» (oǵyz dalasy), parsy avtorlarynda «Dasht-i qyp­shaq» (Qypshaq dalasy), «Ýlýs va el qazaq» (Qazaq ulysy) degen ataýlar kezdesedi. Ejelgi dúnie men orta ǵasyrlar tarihynyń maitalman mamany L.N.Gýmilev osylardyń bárin oi eleginen ótkize, ótken ǵasyrda «Drevniaia Rýs i Velikaia step» ataýymen tamasha monografiiasyn jazǵany belgili.

Dalamyz ben elimizdi qysqa da nusqa túrde ulyqtaýdyń juldyzdy sáti 2014 jyly týdy. 17 qańtar kúni Elbasymyz N.Á.Nazarbaev Qazaqstan halqyna joldaýyn jariialap, budan bylaida ulttyq ideiamyz «Máńgilik El» ekenin pash etti. Baiyrǵy babalarymyz qapysyz tapqan ári urpaǵyna tastaǵy jazýlarymen amanattaǵan bul qazyna ǵasyrlar ele­ginen ótip, Táýelsizdigimizdi nyǵaitýǵa, eń damyǵan 30 eldiń qataryna kirýimizge sep­tesetinine esh kúmán joq. «Máńgilik el» qurý Eýraziianyń saiyn dalasyn mekendegen halyqtyń ejelden uly armany edi.

Prezidenttiń intellektýaldyq iz­denisi Qazaq handyǵynyń 550 jyl­dy­ǵyn toilaý ústinde tamasha paiym-tu­jyrymmen kómkerildi. Saltanatty jiynda ol: «Osynaý keń-baitaq Uly Dalanyń kóginde baq juldyzy bolyp Jańa Qazaqstan dúniege keldi. Bizdiń Qazaqstanymyz – uly isterdiń uiytqysy bolǵan Uly Dala Eli!» degen edi.

Táýelsizdiginiń shirek ǵasyry ishinde dál Qazaqstandai tabystarǵa jetken memleketter kóp emes. Tarihi ýaqyt ólshemimen kelgende, 25 jyl – qas-qaǵym ǵana sát. Al bar bolý men joq bo­lý­dyń dilemmasy aldynda turǵan naqty mem­leket pen onyń azamattary úshin 25 jyl az ýaqyt emes. Aqiqat mynada: ja­ńadan shańyraq kótergen jas memle­ket shirek ǵasyr ishinde táýelsizdik múddesine sai ishki jáne syrtqy saiasaty men praktikasyn túze almasa, álemdik qaýymdastyqtaǵy laiyqty ornyn tappasa, oǵan ataýyn berip otyrǵan ulttyń bolashaǵy joq degen sóz.

Qazaqstan bul synaqtan abyroimen ótti. Memleket quraýshy qazaq hal­qy tarih artqan missiiany, barlyq qiyn­shylyqtarǵa qaramastan, laiyqty at­qardy.

Iá, Táýelsizdik qarsańyndaǵy Qazaq­standy qazirgi Qazaqstanmen qatar qoia almaimyz. Biraq, tabystan bas ainalmaǵany du­rys. Alda talai synaqtar tosyp tur. Biz eń damyǵan 30 eldiń tobyna ki­rýdi, «Máńgilik El» ulttyq ideiasyn júzege asyrýdy kózdegen halyqpyz ǵoi. Olai bolsa, ilgerileýimizge bógesin týǵyzatyn eski nemese jańadan paida bolǵan kedergilerdi osy bastan anyqtap alýymyz kerek. Al olar ekonomikada da, áleý­mettik infraqurylymda da, bilim men ǵy­lymda da, mádeniet pen ónerde de, jastar­men jumysta da barshylyq. Túptep kel­gende, memleketimizde oryn alyp oty­r­ǵan keleńsizdikterge halyq jaýapty emes. Halyqtyń birligi, onyń ishinde qazaqtyń biregeiligi – táýelsizdiktiń basty jemisi ári qýat kúshi. Árine, kem-ketiksiz memleket bolmaidy. Biraq, sol kereǵarlyqtar men kemshilikter shekten shyǵyp, memleket quraýshy ulttyń biregeiligi men bolmysyna ziiandy salmaq túsirgen jaǵdaida ulttyń da, memlekettiń de bolashaǵy bulyńǵyr tartary sózsiz. Ol ár elde ártúrli kórinis bergen. Máselen, Keńes Odaǵynyń ydyraýyna ákelgen kereǵarlyqtar men kemshilikterdiń negiz­gisine, birinshiden, ultaralyq qaty­nas­tardaǵy daǵdarysty, ekinshiden, teh­no­logiialyq toqyraýdy, úshinshiden, saia­si-ideologiialyq meńireýlikti jatqy­zar edik. Iýgoslaviianyń, Iraktyń, Aýǵanstannyń, Ýkrainanyń árqaisysynyń óz qasireti bar.

Tap qazir táýelsizdigimiz ben ulttyq bolmys-biregeiligimizge apat qaýpi tónip turǵan joq. Degenmen, kózge kórinip kele jatqan birli-jarym úderistiń ákeler zardaby erteń-aq «kimdi-kim» degen suraqty aldymyzdan shyǵarýy bek múmkin.

Bizdiń oiymyzsha, ulttyq biregeilik degenimiz – etnogenezi men etnostyq damýy ortaq ári bir aýmaqta evoliýtsiialyq sabaqtastyqpen oryn alǵan túrli (eko­no­mikalyq, áleýmettik, rýhani, t.b.) úde­rister nátijesinde memleketin qura alǵan adamdardyń úlken qaýymdastyǵyn basqa etnostardan erekshelendiretin integraldy kórsetkish. Ulttyq bolmys – osy tarihi qaýymdastyqqa ǵana tán tildik, salt-dástúrlik, dúnietanymdyq, talǵamdyq, eńbekqorlyq, qaýipsizdik syndy bazalyq qundylyqtar qazynasynyń úzdiksiz baiýy ári árbir azamatynyń boiynan tabylýy.

Basqasha aitqanda, myń ólip, myń tirilse de, uly dalasy men erkindikti, dombyrasy men besigin qasterlegen, malyn – janynyń, janyn – arynyń sadaǵasy qylǵan, árbir qazaqty jalǵyzym dep baǵalaǵan biregeilik pen bolmys qana ulttyq memleketke tirek bola alady. Ishki birlik elimizdiń órkendeýi úshin qandai qajet bolsa, ulttyq qaýipsizdikti qamtamasyz etýge sonshalyqty qajet. Kúres pen jeńistiń ózegi – birlikte.

Uly Dalanyń tolaǵai tarihy bar. Ony kezinde antikalyq álem jylnamashylary men shejireshileri de hatqa túsirgeni málim. Biren-saran jarqyn betteri Qazaq handyǵy dáýirindegi áde­biet pen aýyzsha tarihta túzildi. Otar­­lyq jáne keńestik ǵasyrlarda Uly Dala eliniń ulttyq tarihy jat jerlik ór­ke­niet pen ideologiia, teoriia men pra­k­­tika qysymyna sai zerttelip, nasihattaldy. Nátijesinde, ótkenimizdiń formatsiialyq súlbesi anyqtalǵanmen, mazmuny aqiqattan alshaq miftermen burmalandy. Tól tarihymyzdyń tamyrshysy, akademik M.Qozybaev XVIII-XX ǵasyrlardaǵy Qazaqstanǵa qatysty onnan astam tarihi mifti áshkerelegen edi. Olar: qazaq halqynyń ult-azattyq qoz­ǵalysynyń statýsyn tómendetip, qazaq saharasynda proletariat qozǵalysynyń statýsyn ásireleý mifi; Qazaqstan ta­rihynda qazaq halqynyń Reseidiń qu­ramyna enýiniń progressivtik mańyzyn ásireleý mifi; 1916 jylǵy ult-azattyq qozǵalysyn bolsheviktik arnada ásireleý mifi; ádebiette 1917 jylǵy Aqpan revoliýtsiiasynyń bolmysyn tuqyrtyp, onyń jasaǵan jaqsylyq isin jasyryp, kemshiligin asyryp, Qazan revoliýtsiiasymen shendestirý, qarama-qarsy qoiý mifi; Qazan tóńkerisiniń zańdylyǵy tý­raly mif; ult múddesin qorǵaǵan qai­­rat­kerlerge, keiin barsha halyqqa ult­­shyl­dyq aidaryn taǵý mifi; Qazaq ke­ńes­tik memlekettik statýsty ásireleý mifi; burynǵy Odaqtyń, odan qaldy, Qa­zaqstannyń 70-80-jyldardaǵy damýy tý­raly qarama-qarsy mif.

Bulardan basqa, I.Stalin týraly, Uly Otan soǵysynyń sipaty, Uly Je­ńis­tiń qozǵaýshy kúshteri, soǵys shyǵy­ny týraly talasty problemalar Qazaqstan my­saldary negizinde ǵana emes, búkil Keńester Odaǵy tarihymen bailanysty qarastyryldy.

Uly Dala eliniń tarihyn mifterden, iaǵni tátti ertegiden aryltý, shynaiy baianyn dáiekteý Táýelsizdik arqasynda ǵana múmkin boldy. Tarihymyzdy zamanaýi talaptar biiginen zerdeleýge sony serpin bergen tulǵa Qazaqstan Respýblikasynyń Tuńǵysh Prezidenti – Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbaev ekenine eshkimniń daýy joq. Memleket basshysynyń tarihqa ádil kózqarasyn: «Ótkenderdiń qadirin bilý, olardyń arman-múddelerin jalǵastyrý – adamgershilik paryz ǵana emes, qo­ǵamdyq damýdyń, ilgeri basýdyń negizgi alǵysharttarynyń biri», «Qazaq tarihynda qazaq uialatyn eshteńe joq», degen oi-tujyrymdarynan baiqaý qiyn emes. Táýelsizdik memleketke, azamattarǵa ǵana emes, tarihi sana men ǵylymǵa da qajet ekenin tereńnen tolǵanǵan Elbasy onyń eki tuǵyryn tikteýdi bir sátke nazarynan tys qaldyrmady.

Birinshi tuǵyr – tarih bilimi men ǵylymynyń jańasha túleýi úshin qajetti alǵysharttar men qajettilikterdi qa­lyptastyrǵany. Bul oraida, Prezi­denti­mizdiń tikelei basshylyǵymen qo­ǵamdyq-gýmanitarlyq ǵylymdardyń saia­si-ideologiialyq, taptyq dogmalardan qol úzýi airyqsha mańyzdy. Soǵan qosa, ta­rihi bilim berý júiesi reformalandy, ja­ńa býyn oqýlyqtar men oqý quraldary ja­zyldy, ǵylymi-zertteý institýttary men ortalyqtary ashyldy. Zárýligi ótkir ma­mandyqtar boiynsha maman daiarlaý qolǵa alyndy.

Qysqasy, atqarylǵan isterdi túgel jipke tizip shyǵý múmkin emes. Qazirgi Qazaqstanda tarihi bilim men ǵylymdy damytýǵa aitarlyqtai bógesin qalǵan joq. Sondyqtan da shyǵar, qolyna qalam ustaǵan kóziqaraqty jandardyń bári tarihshy bolýǵa shaq qaldy. Munyń jaqsy da, jaman da jaqtary bar ekenine kózimiz jetýde. Atyn shyǵarýdyń ońai jolyn tańdaǵandarǵa aitylǵan syn-eskertpeler barshylyq. Elbasy da birde bylai degen edi: «Tarihtyń taǵylymy bireý-aq: ol eshqandai taǵylym bermeidi deitin tujyrymǵa men úzildi-kesildi qarsymyn. Tarihty jeńil-jelpi ańyz sózderdiń jiyntyǵy dep qaraityn adamdar shynynda da tarihtan taǵylym ala almaidy».

Ekinshi tuǵyr – ulttyq tarihty buryn-sońdy shyqpaǵan biikke kóterýge, onyń tájiribesi men taǵylymyn adamzat órkenietimen salystyra-shendestire tarazylaýǵa Elbasynyń qosqan ózindik úlesi. Bunyń ózi birneshe salaǵa jiktelip jatyr. Aldymen aýyzǵa alarymyz – tarihi oi-sananyń tanymdyq áleýetin arttyrǵan ári úzdik tabystarǵa jetkizgen jańa teoriialyq-metodologiialyq negizdi qalaǵany, tarihi zertteýlerdiń quiryq-qanatyndai derektik-aqparattyq bazanyń baiyǵany.

Otan tarihynyń mańdaiyn ashqan prezidenttik oljanyń naqty kórinisine álemdik, otandyq tarihi úderister men tájiribeniń búgingi, erteńgi Qazaqstanǵa, azamattarymyzǵa, ásirese, jastarǵa yq­paly, ótkenimizben sabaqtastyq, jal­ǵastyq jahandanýdy jatsynbaitynyn, qai­ta eń damyǵan memleketter qa­ta­ryna qosylýǵa septesetinin jan-jaq­ty ashyp bergenin, qalamynan týǵan «Ta­rih tol­qynynda», «Qazaqstan joly», «Eý­raziia júreginde» syndy eńbekterin, qý­ǵyn-súr­gin qurbandaryn eske alý (1997), ult­tyq tarih (1998) jyldaryn belgileýin, ashar­shylyqtyń 80 jyldyǵyn atap ótýin (2012), Abylaidyń 300 jyldyǵyn toilaýdy (2013), IýNESKO kúntizbesine Túrkistannyń 1500, Tarazdyń 2000 jyl­dyǵyn, Abaidyń, M.Áýezovtiń, Q.Sátbaevtyń, Á.Marǵulannyń, Á.Qas­-
t­eevtiń, Qurmanǵazynyń, Á.Bó­kei­­­hannyń mereitoilaryn engizýin jat­qyzamyz. Osylardyń árqaisysy tarih salasynda qordalanyp qalǵan mindetterdi sheshýge, ǵylymi aqiqatty qalpyna keltirýge, «aqtańdaqtardy» joiýǵa serpin berdi, ǵalymdardy qulshyndyrdy.

Aqiqatty aita alǵan tarih ǵylymy adamnyń sanasy men júregine jol tabady. Tarihpen tárbieleý degenimiz – osy. Eń bastysy – Qazaqstan halqynyń tarihi sanasynda sapalyq ózgerister baiqalýda. Bizdiń azamattarymyz eli­niń ótkenine burynǵydai qoǵamdyq-for­matsiialyq ólshemmen, tap kúresi, ideologiialyq ymyrasyzdyq, revoliýtsiialar uǵymymen qarai bermeidi. Ult tarihynda ilgerileý men irkilis te oryn alǵanyn, oǵan halyqtyń da, tulǵanyń da, biliktiń de qatysy baryn endigi jerde bekerlemeidi. Qazirgi tarihi sanada táýelsizdik pen memlekettilik ideialary nyq ornyqqan. Tarih ólshemi boiynsha, shirek ǵasyr ýaqyt – qas-qaǵym ǵana sát. Ulttyq tarihymyzdy zertteý men nasihattaýda, oqytý men ulyqtaýda bitkeninen bitpegen is kóp. Elbasy sózimen aitsaq, «tarihtyń uly ustaz ekeni ras, degenmen, máńgi-baqi onyń aiasynda qalyp qoiýǵa bolmaidy». Ol árbir qazaqstandyqty jasampaz áreketke jumyldyratyn, optimistik qýatty qulshynys týǵyzatyn bilim men biliktiliktiń, innovatsiia men senimniń kózine ainalǵany abzal. Jańa álemdegi jańa Qazaqstan, máńgilik Uly Dala Eli osylai týady.

Hankeldi ÁBJANOV,

Sh.Ýálihanov atyndaǵy

Tarih jáne etnologiia institýtynyń direktory,

UǴA-nyń korrespondent-múshesi

Derekkózi: «Egemen Qazaqstan» gazeti