31 mamyr — Saiasi qýǵyn-súrgin jáne asharshylyq qurbandaryn eske alý kúni
HH ǵasyrdyń 30-jyldarynda Qazaqstanda ujymdastyrý saiasaty sharýalardyń erkinen tys kúshpen júrgizilgeni belgili. Kommýnistik partiianyń 1927 jylǵy HÚ sezi aýyl sharýashylyǵyn ujymdastyrý baǵytyn jariialady. Ujymdastyrý jáne sonymen birge otyryqshylandyrý halyqtyń ǵasyrlar boiy qalyptasqan kóshpeli órkeniet negizinde jasalǵan dástúrli mal sharýashylyǵyn kúiretip, qazaq qoǵamynyń áleýmettik negiziniń joiylýyna ákep soqty, sonyń saldarynan tutas halyq alapat asharshylyqty basynan keshirdi. Keńestik tarihnamada asharshylyq shyndyǵy jasyryldy. Bolsheviktik bilik qazaq halqynyń 1930-1933 jyldardaǵy aýyr jaǵdaiyn patshalyq Reseidiń otarlaý saiasaty men 1918-1920 jyldardaǵy azamat soǵysy jáne halyqtyń saýatsyzdyǵynan týyndaǵan sebepter dep aqtaldy. Asharshylyqtyń aqiqatyn ashýǵa sol kezde ókimettiń tarapynan qatań tyiym salyndy. Tek elimiz táýelsizdik alǵannan keiin ǵana tarihshy-ǵalymdar qazaq elindegi 30-jyldardaǵy adamzat tarihyndaǵy eń qasiretti apattyń sebepteri men zardaptaryn jan-jaqty zertteýge kiristi.
Bul maqalanyń avtory Tuńǵyshbek Seisenuly baýyrymyz pedagogika salasynda qyryq jyldan asa jemisti eńbek etip keledi. Jái muǵalimnen mektep direktoryna deiin, odan soń aýdandyq bilim bóliminiń bastyǵy bolyp ta jumys istedi. Qazir Eýraziia Ulttyq ýniversitetinde jetekshi ǵylymi qyzmetker Tuńǵyshbek Seisenuly kóptegen bilim, tájiribe jónindegi kitaptardyń avtory. Ótken jyly «Jambyl óńirindegi asharshylyq zardaptary» kitabyn oqyrmanǵa usyndy. Búgin biz sol kitaptan úzindi berip otyrmyz.
Tarihi derekterge kóz júgirtsek…
1928 jyly Shý aimaǵynyń kóp bóligi Almaty okrýginiń quramynda bolǵan. Búkilreseilik Ortalyq Atqarý Komitetiniń 1930 jyldyń 23 shildesinde shyqqan qaýlysy negizinde okrýgter taratylyp, onyń ornyna aýdandyq ákimshilik-aýmaqtyq basqarý uiymdastyrylady. Osy qaýlymen jańa qurylǵan 121 aýdandar qatarynda Shý aýdany da qurylady. Ortalyǵy Shý selosy boldy. (Almaty ortalyq memlekettik muraǵaty: «Sobranie zakonov i rasporiajenii rabochego i krestianskogo pravitelstva SSSR», 1930 g., № 37, str. 400» )
RSFSR Halyq Komissarlary Soveti Tóraǵasynyń orynbasary Turar Rysqulov óz basyna tónip turǵan qaýipten taisalmastan, 1933 jyly 9 naýryzda Stalinge jazǵan hatynda qazaqtardyń arasynda 1932 jyldan bastap qaitadan keń etek alǵan ashtyq pen indet surapyl órship otyrǵany jaiynda shyndyqty ashyp kórsetti. Qazaqstandaǵy halyqty ashtyqtan aman alyp qalý úshin ókimet tarapynan jedel kómektiń qajettigin, atajurtynan údere kóshken qazaqtardyń bar maqsaty kúnkóristiń qamy ekendigin ashyna jazyp, shetelderge kóship ketken bosqyndar jáne Shý óńirindegi alapat asharshylyq týraly mynadai málimetter keltiredi: «Orta Edilge — 40 myń, Qyrǵyzstanǵa — 100 myń, Batys Sibirge — 50 myń, Qaraqalpaqiiaǵa — 20 myń, Orta Aziiaǵa — 30 myń adam kóship ketken. Sonymen qatar sonaý alys jerlerdegi Kalmykiiaǵa, Tájikstanǵa, Soltústik ólkege jáne t. b. jerlerge qańǵyp ketti. Bailar bastaǵan halyqtyń biraz bóligi Batys Qytaiǵa kóship bardy… Bul qazaqtardyń jai kóshi-qony emes, ashyqqan adamdar tamaq izdep, basy aýǵan jaqqa bosyp ketti… Kóptegen qalalardan (Áýlie-Ata, Shymkent, Semei, Qyzylorda jáne basqalar) jáne temirjol stansalarynan ólgen qazaqtardyń ólikteri syrtqa shyǵarylýda. Shý aýdanynyń ortalyǵy Novo-Troitsk selosynda (Jandosovtyń málimeti) kún saiyn derlik 10-12 qazaq óledi, sondai-aq aýdannan kommýnisterdiń 60 protsenti ketip qalǵan». (T.Ryskýlov. Sobranie sochinenii v treh tomah, tom 3, Almaty, 1998, str. 320-322)
Qazaq elindegi 1930-1933 jyldardaǵy náýbetti zerttep júrgen tarih ǵylymdarynyń doktory, professor Talas Omarbekov Shý aýdanyndaǵy ashtyqtan bolǵan masqara qubylys týraly muraǵattan jeti adam qol qoiǵan mynadai qujat tapqan: «Shý poselkesiniń mańaiyndaǵy tóńirekte №75 baraktaǵy bosqyndar jataǵynyń jáne tamaqtandyrý ornynyń sanitarlyq jaǵdaiyn tekserip shyqtyq. Sonda mynalarǵa kezdestik: ishinde bosqyndardyń jataqhanasy jáne tamaqtandyrý orny ornalasqan № 75 barak jan tózgisiz jaǵdaida. Baspana ál-dármeni taýsylǵan, kóbi ázer degende qozǵalatyn bosqyndarǵa lyq toly. Baspana ishi bylǵanysh, sasyq. Júzge tarta ash adamdar jerde jatyr. Baspananyń ainalasy lastanyp ketken. Barlyq jerde súiekter, jyrtylǵan kiimder, adamdardyń qoqystary jáne shyǵys jaǵynda toǵyz ólik jatyr, baraktan biraz jerde soltústikte jerde taǵy da ólik, taǵy bes ólik jatyr. Kómilmegeni, siraq jáne qar etteriniń kesilip alynǵany kisi etin jeý bolǵanyn aiǵaqtaidy. Qazaq beiiti jas molaǵa toly». (T. Omarbekov. Asharshylyq apaty. «Aqiqat» — ulttyq, qoǵamdyq-saiasi jýrnal, № 7, 2004, 40-41 better)
Elimizdi jailaǵan asharshylyq týraly jinaqtalǵan tarihi derekter zulmat jyldardyń aqiqatyn ashýda, sebep-saldaryn anyqtaýda qundylyǵymen, shynshyldyǵymen óte mańyzdy. Sol siiaqty Shý aýdanyndaǵy kónekóz qariialardyń estelikterinde de joǵaryda aitylǵan ashtyqtyń zardaptarynan bolǵan jantúrshigerlik oqiǵalar jii kezdesedi. Zobalań kezindegi nebir qiyndyqtardy kórgen búgingi qarttardyń estelikteri asharshylyq tarihyn zertteýde muraǵat derekterin tolyqtyra túsip, 1930-1933 jyldardaǵy náýbettiń aqiqatyn ashyp bereri anyq.
Halqyn ashtyqtan qutqarǵan
Shý halqy Keńestik biliktiń qoldan jasaǵan asharshylyǵyna qarsy narazylyqtaryn kóterilis jasaý arqyly bildirýmen qatar, odan basqa da el ishinde halyqtyń qamyn oilap, ashtyqtan qutylýdyń joldaryn izdestire bastaǵan azamattar bolǵan. Qazirgi kezde kópti kórgen Shý qariialarynyń aitýynsha, ashtyqtan aýyl-aimaǵyn qutqarýǵa áreket jasap, sol qaraly kezeńde aýyldastaryna járdemdesip, kóptegen otbasy tútininiń óshpeýine septigin tigizgen, qamqorlyq tanytqan qaiyrymdy jannyń biri Nurman bi eken. Shý aýdanynyń qadirli aqsaqaldarynyń biri, eńbek jáne soǵys ardageri Jarqynbek Quljanysov 30-jyldardaǵy alapat asharshylyqtyń azabyn tartqan, el-jurtqa qolynan kelgenshe kómek kórsetken Ádilbaiuly Nurman bi týraly kóp áńgime aityp bergen edi.
— Nurekeń meniń ákemnen bir jas úlken boldy. Denesi shaǵyndaý bolǵandyqtan, kelinderi «kishkene bi jákem» dep qurmetteitin. Men sol kezde bala bolsam da jaqsy bilemin. Óte zerdeli kisi edi, shejireni jaqsy biletin. Biz, balalar, ol kisiniń aitqan áńgimesin bar yqylasymyzben qumarta tyńdaitynbyz. Osy óńirdegi eldiń bala-shaǵasyna deiin bárin jiktep, tarqatyp aityp beretin. Sonymen birge el arasyndaǵy kelispeýshilik pen daý-damaidy ádildikpen sheship otyrdy.
1920-1930 jyldary Shý óńirinde Momyn degen baqýatty ózbek myńǵyrǵan malymen biraz el-jurtty jumyspen qamtamasyz etip, eshqandai ashtyqqa uryndyrmai as-sýymen qarailasyp otyrǵan qaiyrymdy jan bolǵan eken. Momyn óz erkimen bar malyn ókimetke ótkizip, sol kezde Shý óńirinde alǵashqy uiymdastyrylǵan «Stalin» kolhozyna bastyq bolyp sailanady. Kóp uzamai ol jańa biliktiń qýdalaýyna ushyrap, óz basyna qaýip tóngennen keiin Tájikstanǵa ótip ketedi.
Nurman aýyldastary men aǵaiyn-týystarynyń basyn qosyp, qumnyń ishindegi «Qyzqashqan» degen jerde kolhozdyń qoiyn, siyryn, sondai-aq jylqysy men túiesin baǵyp tapjylmai otyrady. Ashtyq kelgen kezde Shý aimaǵyndaǵy adamdar taý-tasty, sai-salany aralap qańǵyryp ketti, olardyń ishindegi áldileri «shyqpa, janym, shyqpa» dep Qyrǵyzstan men Ózbekstanǵa údere kóshti. Bir tamaǵynyń qamy úshin ashyqqan adamdar qumda otyrǵan bidiń aýylyna da kele bastaidy. Nurman óz basyna qaýip tónetinin bilse de, jan saýǵalap bosyp júrgen adamdarǵa qoi-eshki, siyrlaryn, bie-túielerin túndeletip saýyp, óziniń aǵaiyndaryna qoian, qyrǵaýyl aýlatyp, kóje daiyndatyp, ystyq as uiymdastyrýdy qolǵa alady.
Nurman bidiń Toilybai degen úlken balasy eki júzdei túie baǵatyn. Túieniń shubaty em, bir jaǵy tamaq, óte qoiý bolady. Nurman ashtyqtan shubyrǵan eldiń óz úiine bir soqpai ketpeitinin bilgendikten, túielerin ýaqytymen saýyp, shubatyn daiyndatyp otyrady eken. Shubat iship, kójege toiyp, tynyǵyp, ál jinap alǵandarǵa jol azyǵy — qurt-irimshik berip jolǵa shyǵaryp salyp, kelesi jolaýshylardy kútetin bolǵan.
1906-1907 jyldardan bastap Nurman aqsaqal Shýdaǵy Dýlattyń tórt balasynyń biri — Shymyr rýyna jatatyn Shináli baimen «qudai qosqan quda» bolǵan eken. Ol da aýyl-aimaqtyń turmys-tirshiligine erekshe kóńil bólip, ásirese, 1930-1932 jyldary tutas bir aýyldy ashtyqtan qutqaryp qalǵany jaiynda kúni búginge deiin el-jurt umyta qoiǵan joq.
Nurman bi men Shináli bai sekildi qaiyrymdy, el qamyn oilaǵan azamattar Shý óńirinde kóp bolǵan. Qazirgi kezde Moiynqum men Shý aýdandarynyń turǵyndary Nurjaýbek ustany da áste esten shyǵarǵan emes. Ol kisi ań-qus aýlap, ashtyqqa ushyraǵan aýyldastaryna qarailasyp otyrǵan.
Nurman sharýashylyqty basqara júrip, ondaǵan jylda qoi sanyn 3-4 myńnan 60 myńǵa jetkizgen. Jasy ulǵaiǵan shaǵynda túie baǵyp, túlik tóresiniń kóbeiýine tikelei atsalysqan. Aǵaiyn-týys, quda-jekjattarynyń arasynda ǵana emes, el-jurtyna da bidiń airyqsha syily bolǵandyǵyn búginde Shý óńirindegi Tóle bi, Abai, Moiynqum, Aqtóbe, Jienbet aýyldarynyń kónekóz qarttary asa bir rizashylyqpen eske alyp otyrady.
Búgingi kúni Nurman bidiń 80-nen astam bala-shaǵa, nemere-shóbereleri ósip-ónip, onyń armandaǵan, biraq aiaqtai almai ketken igi isterin búkil Shý-Moiynqum aimaǵyna tanymal kásipker uly Jailybai odan ári jalǵastyrýda. Jákeń mektepterdiń materialdyq bazasyn nyǵaitýǵa belsene aralasty jáne jaǵdaiy tómen otbasylaryna da únemi kómektesip otyrdy. Shý halqynyń qalaýymen aýdan ortalyǵy — Tóle bi aýylynyń bir kóshesine Nurman bidiń esimi berildi. Al Jailybai óz esebinen 2015 jyly 2 million qarajat jumsap, aýyldyń kóshesine asfalt tósep, el-jurtyn bir qýantyp tastady. Osyndai izgilikti isterin jalǵastyra otyryp, ol aldymyzdaǵy 31 mamyr — saiasi qýǵyn-súrgin jáne asharshylyq qurbandaryn eske alý kúnine bailanysty elge as berýdi josparlap otyr.
El basyna túsken náýbet umytylmaýy tiis. Ol búgingi egemendiktiń qadirin bilý úshin de, bolashaqta sabaq alý úshin de kerek.
Tuńǵyshbek Seisenuly
