NKVD jendetteriniń tizimi jariia boldy

«Memorial» halyqaralyq quqyq qorǵaý qoǵamy «Úlken terror» zamanyndaǵy NKVD qyzmetkerleriniń tizimin jariialady. Tizimde SSSR boiynsha NKVD-nyń jeke quramynda 1935-1941 jyldary jumys istegen 41 668 adamnyń aty-jónderi jariialanyp, onyń 39 950-i týraly qysqasha maǵlumat berilgen.

QAZAQSTANDAǴY NKVD-NYŃ 15 PAIYZY - QAZAQ

Osy tizimniń ishinde stalindik repressiiany Qazaq ASSR-i (1920 jyly quyrldy - red.) men Qazaq SSR-i (1936 jyldan bastap - red.) aýmaǵynda júzege asyrǵan myńnan asa NKVD jendetteriniń aty-jóni jariiaǵa shyqty.

Azattyq tilshisi «Memorial» saitynda jariialanǵan bul qyzmetkerlerdi sanap, olardyń 1080-dei adam ekenin anyqtady. Onyń ishinde 170-tei qyzmetkerdiń aty-jóni qazaq ekenderin bildiredi.

Máselen, Qazaqstanǵa qatysty bólimde esimi jurtqa belgili degenderdiń ishinde Shákárim ólimimen bailanysty atalatyn Abzal Qarasartov; 1940-50 jyldary Qazaq SSR-i basshysy bolǵan Jumabai Shaiahmetovtiń esimderi atalady.

«Memorial» saitynda Abzal Qarasartovqa 1936 jyly sáýir aiynda SSSR NKVD-sy buiryǵymen «kishi leitenant» sheni berilgeni, ulty qazaq ekeni, 1906 jyly dúniege kelgeni, NKVD-dan 1937 jyly qarasha aiynda basqa jumysqa aýysqan sátte Qaraǵandy oblysy Qarqaraly aýdanynda shuǵyl ýákil bolyp turǵany jazylǵan. Tizimde Abzal Qarasartovtyń ólimi týraly aqparat joq ekeni de aitylady. Azattyqqa belgili málimetter boiynsha, Qarasartov 1979 jyly qaitys bolǵan.

NKVD kýrsanttary. Novosibirsk, 1930 jyl.

Al Jumabai Shaiahmetovtiń 1938 jyly mamyrdyń 9-y kúni VChK-OGPÝ-diń (NKVD-nyń kontrrevoliýtsiia jáne sabotajben kúres bólimi) «Qurmetti qyzmetkeri» belgisimen marapattalǵany jazylǵan. Shaiahmetovke 1940 jyly qarashada «memlekettik qaýipsizdiktiń kapitany» degen shen berilgen.

«Memorial» saity jariialaǵan bul tizimge qaraǵanda, Qazaqstandaǵy repressiiany iske asyrǵan NKVD qyzmetkerleriniń 15 paiyzdan astamynyń ulty qazaq bolǵany ańǵarylady.

Keibir tarihshylar Qazaqstanda 1928-1929 jáne 1937-1938 jyldary 120 myńdai adam repressiiaǵa ushyrap, 25 myńdai adam atyldy degen derek aitady.

NKVD BUIRYQTARY NEGIZINDE JASALǴAN TIZIM

«Memorial» quqyq qorǵaýshylary anyqtamalyqtyń (tizimniń - red.) SSSR NKVD-synyń jeke quramy boiynsha shyqqan buiryqtar negizinde qurylǵanyn jazady.

Anyqtamalyqta NKVD qyzmetkerlerine arnaiy shen berý, NKVD-dan jumystan shyǵarý týraly buiryqtardyń nómirleri men shyqqan kúni, jumystan shyqqan sátte atqarǵan qyzmeti, memlekettik nagradalary týraly málimetter keltirilgen. Buiryqtaǵy aqparat ózge derekkózderden alynǵan ómirbaiandyq derektermen tolyqtyrylǵan.

Quqyq qorǵńaýshylar bul tizimniń 15 jyl boiy daiyndalǵanyn aitady. Derekterdi internette jariialar kezde 4500-ge jýyq ómirbaiandyq anyqtamaǵa ózgerister men tolyqtyrýlar engizilgen. Halyqaralyq «Memorial» uiymynyń teń tóraǵasy Ian Rachinskii anyqtamalyqty qurastyrý jumysy qalai júrgeni jaily jáne ol kimderge paidaly bolýy múmkin ekenin aityp berdi.

- Álgi anyqtamalyq - Andrei Jýkovtyń kóp jylǵy jumysynyń nátijesi, ol qaýipsizdik komitetiniń arnaiy shenderi engizilgen 1935 jyldyń aiaǵynan bastap úlken terror dáýiriniń aiaǵyna deiingi, tipti odan da uzaq - 1939 jyldyń orta shenine deiin álgi arnaiy shenderdi alǵan adamdardyń barynsha tolyq tizimin qurastyrǵysy kelgen. Ol bul jumyspen óte kóp jyl ainalysty. Bul - óte qiyn jumys, óitkeni NKVD-nyń júzdegen tomdy quraityn qisapsyz kóp buiryqtaryn zerttep, SSSR Joǵarǵy keńesine qarasty nagradalar bólimindegi kóptegen qujattardy aqtaryp shyǵýyna týra kelgen. Orasan kóp aqparat qaralǵan. Al sovet zamanyndaǵy aqparat kózderi óte jutań bolǵany ári muraǵattardyń kóp bóligi, ásirese NKVD qujattary (qazir NKVD qujattary IIM men FSB muraǵattarynda saqtaýly) áli kúnge deiin ashylmai jatqany belgili, sondyqtan álgi anyqtamalyq birden-bir aqparat kózi, - deidi Ian Rachinskii.

Andrei Jýkov - tarihshy emes, ol MGÝ-diń (Máskeý memlekettik ýniversiteti) zań fakýltetin bitirgen, biraq Azattyqtyń Orys qyzmetine bergen suhbatynda óziniń aitýynsha, tarihty jaqsy kóretin ol mundai aqparatty jinaýmen ashyq aqparat kózderi bolmaǵan sovet kezinen – 1979 jyldan beri ainalysqan. Jýkovtyń aitýynsha, ol zertteýlerin NKVD-dan emes, repressiiaǵa ushyraǵan Jumysshy-sharýalardyń qyzyl armiiasy (RKKA) qurbandarynan bastaǵan. Sosyn NKVD qyzmetkerleri týraly málimetterge kóshken, al keiinirek «Memorial» qyzmetkerlerimen tanysyp, olar birlesip jumys isteýdi usynǵan. Ian Rachinskii jobanyń kimderge arnalǵanyn:

- Bul áýeli tarihshylarǵa kerek. Óitkeni qujattarda, onyń ishinde muraǵattarda saqtalǵan tergeý isterinde ádette adamnyń tegi men sheni ǵana kórsetiledi. Ádette esimi men ákesi atynyń, tipti basqy áripteri de jazylmaidy. Sondyqtan onyń kim ekenin, qandai adam bolǵanyn, onyń izderin qaidan izdeýge bolatynyn anyqtaý óte qiyn. Álgi anyqtamalyq NKVD-nyń arnaiy shenin alǵandardyń kimder ekenin, ol shendi qashan alǵanyn, qandai buiryq boiynsha jáne qai aimaq boiynsha alǵanyn anyqtaýǵa kómektesedi. Buǵan qosa, kóbiniń týǵan kúni men týǵan jerine qatysty qosymsha aqparattar tabýdyń sáti tústi, endi qily qujattardaǵy derekterdi bailanystyryp, álgi adamnyń kim bolǵanyn, ne istegenin, keiingi taǵdyrynyń áldebir tizbegin qurastyrýǵa bolady. Menińshe, bul kez kelgen memýar úshin, kóptegen qujattar úshin taptyrmaityn asa qundy aqparat kózi bolady, - dep túsindirdi.

"Memorial" qoǵamynyń teń tóraǵasy Ian Rachinskii.

​Mamyr aiynda «Memorial» anyqtamalyǵynyń kompakt diskige kóshirilgen nusqasy shyqqan.

- Álgi diskige jurt úlken qyzyǵýshylyq tanytty, búkil tiraj tarap ketti, odan qazir eshteńe qalǵan joq. Al internette jariialanǵan nusqasy qomaqtylaý – shamamen 4,5-5 myń ómirbaiandyq anyqtamaǵa tolyqtyrýlar, naqtylanǵan derekter, túzetýler engizildi. Qosymsha aqparat kózderi tabyldy. Menińshe, anyqtamalyqtyń praktikalyq jáne ózge máni zor. Bir jaǵynan, onyń moraldyq máni zor, óitkeni ár adam isine ózi jaýap beretinin, bári máńgige qupiia qalady degen bos úmit ekenin túsinýi tiis. Kim bolsyn, báribir tarih aldynda túbi jaýap beredi, - deidi Rachinskii.

Onyń aitýynsha, «Bizde qylmys qurbandary bar da, qylmyskerler joq siiaqty bolyp kórinetin». Endi tergeý júrgizgen, aiyptardy oidan qurastyrǵan, tutqyndardy azaptaǵan 40 myńnan asa jendettiń aty-jóni belgili bolyp otyr.

- Oblystyq basqarmalardy basqarǵan negizgi basshylardyń júzdegen esimderi atalyp keldi, biraq tergeýdi olar júrgizgen joq qoi, olar tergeý amaldarymen, isterdi oidan qurastyrýmen tikelei ainalysqan joq, bul sharýamen qaramaǵyndaǵy qyzmetkerler ainalysqan, al olardyń esimderi belgisiz bolyp keldi. Endi, mine álgi 40 myń esimniń arasynda tergeý júrgizgenderdiń, oidan aiyptar qurastyrǵandardyń, álgi qylmysty jasaǵandardyń (atý jazasyn oryndaǵandardyń - red.) báriniń aty-jóni bar, - deidi belsendi.

Rachinskii NKVD repressiiasyna qatysqan, adamdardy sanaly túrde azaptap, qylmystyq aiyptaýlardy sanaly túrde oidan qurastyrǵandardy da aýyr qylmyskerler, úlken terrorǵa jaýapty dep biledi.

NKVD atqan Stepan Karagodin men onyń otbasy.

Onyń oiynsha, Stalin, jarlyq qaǵazǵa qol qoiǵan adamdar, buiryq bergen isti qaraý tártibin jeńildetý týraly zańdy oilap tapqan jendetterdiń qylmysy osy jarlyqtar men zańdardy oryndap, aiyptaýlardy oilap tapqan, adamdardy tikelei azaptaǵandar qylmysy bir.

- Aiyptaýlar men buryqtardy qaǵazǵa tergen qyz-kelinshekter men adamdardy jazalaý ornyna tasyǵan shoferler, atý jazasyn oryndaǵan atqyshtardyń kinási aldyńǵylarǵa qaraǵanda azdaý dep esepteimin. Olardyń kóbiniń intellektýaldyq deńgeii tómen bolǵan, áitpese mundai kásipke barmas edi, - deidi belsendi.

Rachinskii bul tizimniń jariialanýy politsiia qyzmetkerlerine sabaq bolýy kerek degen de oi aitady. «Qazir buiryqty oisyz oryndap júrgender jeke jaýapkershilik degen bar ekenin, 20, 50 nemese 70 jyldan keiin báribir jaýapqa tartylatynyn bilgeni durys. Osy turǵydan da stalinizm tarihy, bolshevizm tarihy bizge sabaq bolýy tiis» deidi ol.

Liýbov Chijovanyń maqalasy orys tilinen aýdaryldy. Maqalany Azattyqtyń qazaq tilindegi saityna beiimdeýge Rahat Mamyrbek qatysty.