Tarih ǵylymynda túrki halyqtarynyń shyǵý tegi, olardyń etnikalyq, saiasi birlikteri men memlekettiliginiń evoliýtsiiasy – únemi qyzý pikirtalas týdyratyn taqyryptardyń biri. Sonyń ishinde Qyrym handyǵynyń tarihy men onyń halyqtyq negizin quraǵan etnostar jaily jaǵdai de áli kúnge deiin zertteýshiler arasynda ortaq tujyrymǵa kelgen joq. Ásirese, «Qyrym handyǵy qypshaq qazaqtar ma?» degen saýal qoǵamdyq sanamyzda jii qozǵalady. Bul suraq kezdeisoq emes: qypshaqtardyń Deshti Qypshaq dalasyndaǵy ústemdigi, qazaq etnogenezindegi orny, sondai-aq Qyrym handyǵynyń memlekettik tili, mádenieti men áskeri dástúrinde qypshaqtyq negizdiń basymdyǵy osyndai oiǵa jeteleidi.
Qyrym handyǵynyń tarihi qalyptasýy
Qyrym handyǵy XV ǵasyrdyń ortasynda Altyn Ordanyń ydyraýy nátijesinde paida boldy. 1441 jyly qyrymdyqtar ózderiniń derbes bileýshisin sailap, Qajy Kereidi han kóterdi. Bul – Qyrym handyǵynyń resmi túrde qurylǵan jyly sanalady. Alǵashqyda handyq Altyn Ordanyń muragerlik qurylymdarynyń biri retinde kóringenimen, ýaqyt óte kele jeke saiasi sýbekt retinde qalyptasty.
Handyqtyń territoriiasy Qyrym túbegin ǵana emes, Qara teńizdiń soltústigindegi dalalyq aimaqtardy da qamtydy. Bul aimaqtar ejelden qypshaqtardyń dástúrli qonystary bolǵan. Sondyqtan Qyrym handyǵynyń etnikalyq negizinde qypshaqtar basty ról atqardy.
Qypshaqtar XI–XIII ǵasyrlarda Eýraziia dalasynda ústemdik qurǵan iri túrki taipalarynyń biri edi. Olardyń mekeni – Deshti Qypshaq dalasy qazirgi Qazaqstannyń aýmaǵyn, Edil boiy men Qara teńizge deiingi keńistikti qamtydy. Kóshpeli mal sharýashylyǵyna negizdelgen ómir salty, áskeri uiymshyldyǵy qypshaqtardy ortaǵasyrlyq túrki áleminiń basty kúshine ainaldyrdy.
Qazaq halqynyń etnogenezinde qypshaqtar erekshe oryn alady. XIV–XV ǵasyrlarda Aq Orda men Ábilqaiyr handyǵy dáýirinde qypshaqtar qazaq rýlarynyń negizgi etnikalyq quramdas bóligine ainaldy. «Qypshaq – qazaqtyń bir qanaty» degen tarihi tujyrym da bar. Demek, Qyrym handyǵy qypshaq dástúrinde qurylǵandyqtan, ony qazaqpen bailanystyrý qisyndy.
Qyrym handyǵynyń memlekettik tili – qypshaq tili boldy. Bul til Altyn Orda dáýirinen beri memlekettik is qaǵazdarynda, diplomatiialyq bailanystarda qoldanylyp kelgen. Tipti XV–XVI ǵasyrlarda Osman imperiiasynyń saraiynda da qypshaq tili aýdarmashylar arqyly paidalanylǵany belgili.
Qypshaq tiliniń qazaq tilimen tarihi týystyǵy aiqyn. Leksikasy, grammatikalyq qurylymy, dybystyq zańdylyqtary boiynsha qazaq tili qypshaq tilderiniń tobyna jatady. Qyrym tatarlarynyń qazirgi tili de qypshaq negizinde damyǵan. Bul – qazaq pen qyrymdyqtardyń ortaq tildik negizden shyqqanyn kórsetedi.
Mádeni turǵyda da uqsastyqtar kóp. Mysaly, qymyz ben shubat siiaqty dástúrli sýsyndar, kiiz úi mádenieti, jylqyǵa qatysty áskeri dástúrler qypshaqtan qalǵan ortaq mura. Qyrym handyǵynda da atqa miný, joryqqa shyǵý, áskeri tártip qazaq qoǵamyndaǵydai mańyzǵa ie boldy.
Qazaq handyǵy men Qyrym handyǵy ekeýi de Altyn Ordadan taraǵan muragerlik memleketter boldy. Ekeýiniń memlekettik qurylymy da uqsas: han – joǵarǵy bilik iesi, sultandar men bekter keńesi – keńesshi organ, al rý-taipalyq júie – saiasi tirek qyzmetin atqardy.
Sonymen qatar eki handyqtyń syrtqy saiasatynda da ortaqtyq baiqalady. Ekeýi de Máskeý kniazdigimen, Osman imperiiasymen, Shaibani áýletimen qarym-qatynas ornatty. Qyrym handyǵy kóbine Osman imperiiasyna táýeldi bolsa, Qazaq handyǵy derbes saiasatyn júrgizdi. Degenmen olardyń halyqaralyq qatynastardaǵy diplomatiialyq dástúrleri uqsas edi.
Qazaq pen qyrym halyqtarynyń bailanysy
Tarihi derekterde qazaqtar men qyrymdyqtardyń arasyndaǵy qarym-qatynas aiqyn kórinedi. Mysaly, XVI–XVII ǵasyrlarda Edil boiyndaǵy jáne Don óńirindegi qazaqtar men qyrym tatarlary birlesip Máskeýge qarsy joryqtarǵa shyqqany jazylady. Sonymen qatar, qazaq dalasynan Qyrymǵa, Qyrymnan qazaq jerine kóship-qonyp júrgen rýlar da bolǵan.
Qazaq jyraýlarynyń tolǵaýlarynda da Qyrymnyń aty jii atalady. «Qyrymnyń qyryq batyry» epostyq jyrlar tsikli qazaq folklorynda erekshe oryn alǵan. Bul da eki halyqtyń tarihi taǵdyrlas ekenin dáleldeidi.
Árine, Qyrym handyǵyn «qazaq memleketi» dep ataý tarihi dáldikke jatpaidy. Sebebi Qyrym handyǵynyń saiasi-geografiialyq jaǵdaiy, etnikalyq quramy qazaq dalasynan bólek edi. Qyrymda qypshaqtarmen qatar noǵailar, túrkimender, cherkes jáne grek halyqtary da mekendedi. Osman imperiiasynyń yqpaly da qyrymdyqtardy erekshe baǵytqa ainaldyrdy.
Qazaq handyǵy bolsa, Jetisý men Syr boiynan bastaý alyp, Deshti Qypshaqtyń ortalyq aýmaǵynda qalyptasty. Qazaqtyń etnikalyq negizi tek qypshaqtardan turmaǵan, oǵan úisin, qańly, arǵyn, naiman, dýlat, jalaiyr sekildi basqa da kóptegen taipalar kirdi. Sondyqtan Qyrym handyǵy men Qazaq handyǵy – týys memleketter bolǵanymen, ekeýin tolyqtai teńestirý durys emes.
Kóptegen otandyq jáne sheteldik tarihshylar Qyrym handyǵyn qypshaq memleketi retinde qarastyrady. Iaǵni aitqanda, Lev Gýmilev qypshaqtardyń Eýraziia tarihyndaǵy rólin erekshe atap ótip, Qyrym handyǵyn «qypshaq dástúrin saqtaǵan memleket» dep ataǵan. Qazaq ǵalymdary da Qyrym tatarlary men qazaqtar arasyndaǵy tarihi-mádeni uqsastyqtardy dáleldep júr.
Degenmen keibir zertteýshiler Qyrym handyǵyn qazaq etnogenezine tikelei telýdiń qajeti joq deidi. Sebebi qazaq etnosy XV ǵasyrdyń ortasynda Ortalyq Aziiada qalyptasyp, óz aldyna derbes halyq bolyp shyqty. Al Qyrym handyǵy bolsa, Batys Deshti Qypshaq pen Qara teńiz óńirinde ornalasqan ózindik memleket edi.
Sonymen, «Qyrym handyǵy qypshaq qazaqtar ma?» degen suraǵymyzǵa birjaqty jaýap berý qiyn. Tarihi turǵyda Qyrym handyǵy – qypshaq negizinde qurylǵan memleket. Qazaq halqynyń etnogenezinde de qypshaqtar sheshýshi ról atqardy. Osy turǵydan alǵanda, Qyrym handyǵy men Qazaq handyǵy týys memleketter, olardyń tamyry bir, dástúri ortaq.
Alaida Qyrym handyǵyn tolyqtai «qazaq memleketi» dep ataý tarihi dáldikke jatpaidy. Ol – óz aldyna derbes etnosaiasi qurylym. Degenmen qazaq pen qyrym halyqtarynyń tildik, mádeni jáne tarihi jaqyndyǵy olardyń ortaq qypshaqtyq muradan taraitynyn aiqyn dáleldeidi.
Qypshaq dáýirinen bastaý alǵan osy sabaqtastyq qazaqtyń da, qyrym tatarlarynyń da tarihi tamyryn tereńdetip, bolashaqtaǵy týtastyqtyń negizi deimiz.
Beisenǵazy Ulyqbek
Qazaqstan Jýrnalister Odaǵynyń múshesi
