Himiia týraly jalpy túsinikter óte erte zamandardan bastaý alady. Sonaý mádenieti órlegen Mesopatamiia, Qytai, Grek keiinirek shyńdalyp úlken jetistikke jetken kezeń sanalatyn Arab halifatynyń tusynda erekshe óner retinde joǵary baǵalandy. Bul eńbekti jazý men úshin uzaq oilanýdy qajet etti. Sebebi erte zamandardan bastaý alatyn tańǵajaiyp ǵylym Alhimiia týraly myńdaǵan zertteýshiler jazyp keledi. Zertteletin zat qundy bolǵan saiyn oǵan qyzyǵýshylar da kóp bolatyny belgili. Alhimiia bul óltirmeitin ǵajaiyp zatty nemese siqyrly “filosofiialyq tasty” izdeýden bastaldy. Sol qyzyǵýshylyq, mine, bul kúnde keremet himiia ǵylymyna negiz bolyp otyr.
Meniń maqsatym alhimianyń tarihyn aitý emes, sebebi alhimiia týraly kitaptar barshylyq. Men orta ǵasyrda óziniń ozyq oiymen zamandastarynan áldeqaida ozyq ketken áigili entsioklopedist ǵalym Ábý Nasyr Ál-Farabidiń “Alhimiia ónerine qajettilik týraly” dep atalatyn keremet týyndysyn taldap onyń qanshalyqty mańyzdy ekenin túisindirý bolmaq. Bul eńbek tolyq taldanyp, himiia ǵylymy salasynda ózine laiyqty orynyn ala almai keledi. Eńbektiń kópshilik qaýymǵa belgisiz bolyp qalýy da sondyqtan.
Alhimiiany sol kezdiń ǵalymdary bir metaldy bir metalǵa qosý arqyly altyn alý isine paidalandy. Ol kezdiń ǵalymdary qazirgidei jasaǵan tájiribelerin jariia etpei, kerisinshe óte qupiia saqtady. Ár ǵalym óz paidasyn oilap kúni - túni óz zerthanasynda zertteýler júrgizdi. Ásirese bul óner arab halifatynda qanatyn keńge jaidy, zor tabystarǵa da jetti. Tipti alhimiia 4 qupiia ǵylymnyń qataryna kirdi. Búgingi tańda ǵylymnyń qan tamyryna ainalǵan himiia sol kezderdegi alhimiianyń jemisi.
Sol jyldardyń birinde Farabi halifattyń astanasy Baǵdat shaharynda turyp jatqan boltyn. Shahar halqy Farabidi erekshe qadirlep, “Ǵalymdardyń ǵalymy”, “Danalardyń kóshbasshysy”- dep dáripteitin. Bir kúnderi shahardyń ozyq oily ǵalymdary, nala bolǵan saýdagerleri kelip Farabiden bul ónerdiń durys ne burystyǵyn anyqtap berýin ótinip surap keledi. Ol óz zamandastaryn bul óner týraly barlyq halyqtar biletindei, túsinetindei kitap jazýǵa ýáde berip, shyǵaryp salady.
Mine, osy kezden bastap bul ónerdi shyndap zertteýge myqtap den qoia bastaidy. Kútpegen suraqtyń qoiylýy árine máseleniń mańyzdy bolyp bara jatqanyn baiqatty. Endi Farabi tek kitap aqtaryp oilanýmen ainalyspai, kerisinshe alhimikterdiń jasaǵan tájiribelerin jasap, olardyń kórgen qiyndyqtaryn ózi de basynan keshirdi.
Ol erteli kesh temir metaldyń qasietterin zertteýmen ainalysty. Sebebi alhimikter osy bir metaldyń erekshe qasietterge ie ekendigin únemi aitatyn. Dúnieniń tiregi onyń myqtylyǵynda. Al mundai qasietti temirden kórýge bolatyn. Tipti ony aitpaǵannyń ózinde qasietti Quran Kárimdegi elý jetinshi súre “Temir” dep atalýy da teginnen - tegin emes ekendigin ańǵartatyndai.
Farabi eńbegin mynadai sózdermen bastady:
“Bul kitapta men bul ónerdiń qajettiligin atap ótip, ol qandai jolmen dáleldenetinin jáne bul ónerdi zertteýshilerdiń jibergen qatelikterin kórsetýdi maqsat etip qoidym ”-dei kele bul ónerdegi adasýshylardy eki topqa bóledi. “Birinshileri, ónerdi joqqa shyǵarady jáne burmalaidy” - bul toptaǵylar qarapaiym halyq,saýdagerler men keibir keri tartpa ǵalymdar. “Ekinshileri moiyndaidy, biraq onyń múmkindigin asyra paidalanady” - bul toptaǵylar ǵylymnan paida tabýdy kózdegen alhimikter.
Ol: “Bul ónerdi túsindirý úshin olar keide aqiqat, keide ótirik aitatyn poetikalyq sózderdi qoldanady. Olardyń sózin túsinbeitinder ne oilaidy olardyń bul óner týraly oilary anyq bolmaǵandyqtan bul óner týraly eshqandai bilim alý múmkin emes.Óz kitaptarynda ǵalymdar bul ónerdiń is-áreketi týraly eshteńe aitpaidy. Olar halyqqa oqytyp taratýdy qalamady. Sondyqtan bul ónerdi zertteýshilerdiń oiynda abyrjý, shatasý jáne bir kózqarastan ekinshisinshe aýysý baǵyttalady ” - dep, ózine deiingi bul ǵylym týraly ilip alarlyq bir de bir kitaptyń joqtyǵynan adamdar jalǵan sózderdiń jeteginde ketetindigin túsindiredi.
Rasynda bul óner týraly kitapty aitpaǵannyń ózinde ǵylymdaǵy basty qural sanalatyn ár túrli zattardyń himiialyq quramy týraly qoljazbalar múlde joqtyń qasy bolatyn. Olar tek kezdeisoq baqytqa kenelýge senip,zattardy bir birine bailanystyryp, sol arqyly tájiribesinen baiqaǵanyn qaǵazǵa túsirip otyrdy. Biraq olarda tájiribe almasý degen atymen joq. Bilgen ilimderin bir-birinen qupiia ustady.
Ǵalym “Filosoftardyń suraqtaryna jaýaptar ” eńbeginde “Element degenimiz ne?” degen suraqqa: "Kúrdeli sýbstantsiialardyń bastaýlary ot, aýa, sý, jer siiaqty osyndai elementterden paida bolady. Kúrdeli sýbstantsiialardyń qarapaiym quramdas bólikterine jatady ” – dep, sol dáýirdiń ózinde elementtiń naqty sipattamasyn bergen edi.
Farabi bul ónerdi taldai kele sońyna qarai praktikalyq iaǵni óziniń zerthanasynda jasaǵan tájiribelerimen jazǵan teoriiasynyń durystyǵyn dáleldeidi. Ol: Altyn,kúmis basqa da otta janbaityn biraq balqityn metaldardyń báriniń tegi bir. Sondyqtan olardyń aiyrmasy formasynda emes olardyń mándi jáne kezdeisoq aktsidentsiialarynda(qasietteri). Iaǵni ǵalymnyń aitýy boiynsha otta janbaityn biraq balqityn metaldardyń tegi bir bolǵanymen qasietteri arqyly bir birinen erekshelenedi. Bul Farabidiń alhimiiaǵa qosqan erekshe jańalyǵy deýge bolady. Osy qaǵidany ataqty Robert Boil, Dalton, N.Beketov, M.V.Lomonosov sekildi ǵalymdar Farabiden jeti ǵasyrdan keiin ǵana qaitalap jasap, babamyzdyń bilimdiligine qairan qalǵan.
Qazirgi kezde qazaq ǵylymynyń tarihynda ásirese otandyq himiia oqýlyqtarynda Farabi babamyzdyń adasýshylarǵa durys baǵyt siltep himiia ǵylymy tarihynda tóńkeris jasaǵan orasan eńbegi áli de bolsa óz orynyn ala almai júrgeni árine, ókinishti. Ókinishtisi sol búginde mektep oqýshylarynan himiia týraly surar bolsaq birden D.I.Mendeleev týraly sairai jóneledi. Osylaisha Uly babamyzdyń eńbegi únemi tasada qalyp kele jatyr.Tek himiia páni boiynsha 8-synyp oqýlyǵynyń eń sońǵy betteriniń birinde Ál - Farabidiń “Himiia óneriniń qajettiligi týraly”- dep atalatyn eńbeginiń bar ekendigi týraly ǵana aitylǵan.Bul árine búgingi urpaqtarǵa artylar syn dep bilemin.
Ál-Farabidiń osy bir tamasha eńbegin mektep oqýlyqtarynda,sonymen qatar JOO arnalǵan himiia kitaptarynyń alǵashqy betterine jariialasa artyqtyq etpes edi. Sebebi kitap dep aitylǵanmen bul eńbektiń kólemi shaǵyn ári yqshamdalyp jazylǵan. Búkil álemdi moiyndatqan Uly danyshpannyń óz týǵan jerinde bir eńbeginiń ózi elenbei qalýy barsha qazaq jurtyna syn.
RYSBEK RAMAZANULY
jazýshy, “ÁLEM HALYQTARY JAZÝShYLAR ODAǴYNYŃ” múshesi
