Qazaqtan bólingen laqailar taipasy qaida?

Bul ulys – túrkiniń qazaqqa óte jaqyn bir butaǵy

Túrki halyqtary álem ór­ke­ni­eti­niń damýyna úlken úles qosyp, jal­pyadamilyq da­mý, mádeni jáne rýhani faktorlardyń damýyn da qamtamasyz etip kelgeni t­arihtan jaqsy belgili. Túr­ki­ler shyn máninde óz dara tul­ǵalaryn maqtan etip, olardyń attaryn tarihi ideologiiada saqtap kelýmen birge, olardyń qyzmetin pash etý sezimine bólengeni de qýanarlyq jait.

Laqailar ózbek ulty qura­myn­daǵy túrki ulysy. Olar ne­gizinen qazirgi Tájikstan Res­pýblikasynyń ortalyǵy men ońtústik bóliginde, iaǵni Sa­ma­niian (burynǵy Lenin), Kofarnihon (burynǵy Or­djo­nikidzeabad), Hissar aý­­dandarynda, Hatlon ob­ly­syndaǵy Qorǵantóbe já­ne Kolap aimaqtarynda qo­nys­tan­ǵan. Bul ulysqa jatatyn adamdardyń sany Tájikstanda 500 myńnan astam, al shet elderde 500 myńǵa jýyq, iaǵni jalpylai sany bir millionǵa taia­dy. Laqailardyń birneshe to­by Tájikstanmen kórshi Aýǵanstandaǵy Baǵlan, Qun­dyz, Tahor provintsiialarynda, Pákistandaǵy Karachi qalasynda jáne onyń tó­ńi­reginde, Saýd Arab­iia­syndaǵy Mekke, Mádine men Jidda qala­­la­rynda, Túrkiiadaǵy Jai­­lan­panar, Antakiia, Ystan­bul, Shonli Ýrfa jáne Zái­tún Murny aimaqtarynda, Irandaǵy Tegeran qalasy men eldiń Shiraz, Zahidon, Kermanshah, Ǵazvin, Hýrmýz­hon provintsiialarynda turǵy­lyqty ómir súredi.

Laqailar túrki ulys­ta­rynyń qalyptasýynda ma­ńyzdy ról at­qar­ǵan saqtar, odan soń arǵyndar men qyp­shaq­tardyń urpaǵy bolyp taby­lady. Jurtqa belgili, X-XV ǵasyrlarda bul úsh rý iri etnostyq top bolyp, túrki halyqtarynyń etnogenezinde erekshe ról atqarǵan. Olar etnoáleýmettik jáne tarihi damý barysynda laqailar retinde ereksheligin saqtap keldi.

Laqai ulysynyń qalyp­ta­sý joly da basqa túrki til­des ulystardyń qa­lyptasý úderi­s­terine óte uqsas. Ǵylymi áde­biette olardyń tarihy týraly birneshe pikirler aitylǵan. Bu­lar: 1. joǵaryda keltirilgen ai­maqtarda qalyptasyp da­myǵan turaqty etnostyq top; 2. laqailar – burynǵy Túr­ki qaǵanatyndaǵy (VI ǵa­syr) túrkilerdiń urpaǵy; 3. olar bul aimaqtarǵa qar­luq­tarmen (VIII ǵasyr) jáne mońǵoldarmen (XIII ǵasyr) birge aýyp kelgender; 5. laqailar – Maýaroýnnahrǵa Shaibani han áskerlerimen birge kelgen Deshti qypshaq ózbekteri (XV-XVI ǵasyrlar).

Osynaý úderistiń náti­je­sinde XV ǵasyrdyń sońy men XVI ǵasyrdyń basynda Deshti qypshaq eli, al jańa tarihtyń sońǵy kezeńderinde basqa túrki halyqtarynyń keibir toptary da Ortalyq Aziiaǵa aýyp kelip, baiyrǵy etnos quramyna tabiǵi jolmen sińisip ketken. Bul jaǵdai XVII-XVIII ǵasyrlarǵa da tán ekendigin qazirgi kúnniń tarihi faktileri de sipattap tur.

Búgingi kúnge deiin laqai etno­niminiń shyǵý tegi men onyń ma­ǵynasy týraly anyq pikirler joq edi. Ózimniń kóp jyl­dyq izdenisterimniń náti­je­si bolǵan jáne laqailar she­jiresinde kezdesetin qazaq ul­ty­na uqsas etnonimder tari­hy­myzdyń, sonymen qatar et­nostyq qalyptasýymyzdyń jal­­pylyǵyn bildiretin fak­­torlar jańa boljamdar aitýǵa negiz boldy. Men qa­zaqtarda «Alaqai batyr» das­ta­nynyń bar ekenin estip, ony izdei bastadym. Bul ta­qy­rypty jyrlaǵan jyraýlar ómirden ótken bolsa da, onyń izbasarlary el ishinde áli de bolsa bar ekeninen úmit­tenip, bir­neshe ret Shym­kent, Sairam, Túrkis­tan qa­la­­laryna baryp, Ómir­zaq Qal­baiulynyń osy dastandy jyrlaǵanyn, dúnieden ótkenin, bul shyǵarmany jyraýdan ǵalym, filologiia ǵylymdarynyń doktory, professor Qydyráli Sattarov jazyp alǵanyn esit­tim. Nátijesinde, professor Saidáli Orazalievtiń kó­me­gi­men Q.Sattarovtyń 2006 jyly Almatyda jaryq kórgen «Qazaqtyń erlik epostary» shy­ǵarmasyn taýyp, «Alaqai batyr» dastanymen tanys­tym. Sóitip, bul ulystyń qalyptasýy jáne onyń etimologiiasyna qatysty qundy málimetterdiń barlyǵyna kóz jetkizdim. Epos bylai bastalady:

«Qypshaq elinen Alańqai batyr shyqqan eken, biraq ol erte ómir­den ozady. Odan Alaqai batyr degen ul qalady. Bul kezeńde, iaǵni XIV-XVI ǵasyrlarda qypshaqtarǵa qyzylbastardyń sha­býy­ly men basqynshylyǵy kúsheigen ýaqyt edi. Qyzylbastardyń hany Pazylshahtyń adamdary Alaqai batyrdyń áke­sinen qalǵan jylqy úiirin aidap áke­tedi. Buny estigen on eki jasar jetkinshek jalǵyz ózi jylqylardy qaitaryp alý úshin jolǵa shyǵady. Qyzylbastar Alaqaidy ustap alyp, Pazylshahtyń aldyna aparady. Hannyń jarlyǵy boiynsha, onyń aiaǵyna kisen salyp, qyzylbastardyń maldaryn sýarý úshin qudyqtyń basyna bailap qoiady. Jas jigit kúndiz-túni sý tartyp, ábden silesi quridy. Ár kúni qyzylbastardyń balalary kelip, oǵan tas laqtyryp, kelemejdep kúlip júredi.

Pazylshah 12-13 jyl buryn qyp­­shaqtardan Qyr­myzy degen qyz­dy urlap ákel­gen eken, ony toqal etip alyp, odan 11-12 jasar Shámsinur degen qyz týady. Ol da bir kúni qyzylbas balalarmen kelip, tutqyndy, iaǵni Alaqai batyrdy tamashalap, bolǵan oqiǵany anasyna aitady. Al tutqynnyń reńi sizge uqsaidy deidi. Anasy bul qypshaq, meniń áýletimnen bolar-aý dep oilap, jasyrynyp, qudyqtyń basyna keledi. Sóitedi de Alaqai batyrmen sóilesip, tek tamaq qana jiberip tura alamyn, basqa kómek qolymnan kelmeidi, ózim de qyzylbastardyń baqylaýyndamyn deidi. Osylaisha qyzy Shámsinurdan lajy barynsha tamaq jiberip otyrady. Biraz ýaqyt ótedi. Óstip júrip, Alaqai batyr men Shámsinur bir-birine ǵashyq bop qalady. Bul kezde Pazylshahtyń Gýzal degen jas toqaly óz kúieýin onsha jaqtyrmai júretin edi. Ol da symbatty Alaqai batyrdy jaqsy kórip qalady. Pazylshah Qyrymǵa soǵysqa ketken kezde Gýzal osy sátti pai­­dalanyp, patshanyń qorasyndaǵy attarǵa qaraidy degen syltaýmen Alaqai batyrdy óz aýlasyna aýys­tyryp, oiyn aitady. Alaqai batyr da tutqyndyqtan qutylýdy oilap, onyń sharttaryna razy ekenin, tek birneshe kún ózine kelý úshin múmkindik berýdi suraidy. Patshanyń attaryna qarap, bir ushqyr tulparǵa kóz salyp qoiady. Patshanyń qypshaq toqal áieli Qyrmyzynyń otaýy da jaqyn mańda bolǵandyqtan, Alaqai batyr olarmen jii-jii kezdesip, sóilesip otyrady. Shámsinurdy alyp qashý úshin onyń anasynan aq bata alady.

Bir kúni Gýzal oǵan qosy­lýdyń kezi kelgenin ai­tady. Al­ Alaqai ba­tyr ol úshin aia­ǵyndaǵy kisendi she­shýdi já­ne ainaladaǵy bar­lyq saqshylardy alysyraq jó­nel­tý kerek ekenin, eger olar kórip qalsa, ekeýiniń de basy ketetinin aitady. Son­da tań azanda Gýzaldyń úi­ine keletinin aitady. Ki­sen sheshilip, qaraýyldar ai­dalǵan soń, Alaqai batyr qarańǵy túskenin kútedi de kúzet bólmesindegi qarýmen quraldanyp, Shámsinurdy patshanyń júirik atyna mingizip alyp qashady. Gýzal tań atqansha Alaqai batyrdy kútip, shydamy taýsylǵan soń, onyń jatatyn jerine kelip, Alaqai batyrdy taba almaidy. Júgirip qoraǵa barsa júirik aty da, arnaiy bólmedegi qarýlar da joq. Sonda ǵana óziniń aldanǵanyna, batyrdyń qashyp ketkenine kóz jetkizedi de shashyn julyp shyńǵyrady. Qaraýyldar júgirip kelgende, túnde qypshaqtar shabýyl jasap, Alaqai batyrdy da, qarý-jaraqty da, júirik atty da alyp ketti dep aqtala bastaidy.

Qyzylbastyń áskerleri jinalyp, qypshaqtardyń artynan qýady. Birneshe saǵattan keiin jaýdyń qarasy kóringen soń Alaqai batyr Shámsinurdy attan túsirip, ózi olja etip alǵan qylysh jáne naizalarmen qyzylbastarǵa qarsy shaýyp, birneshe saǵattyq shaiqasta jaralansa da jeńip shyǵyp, Shámsinurdy úiine ákeledi (múmkin, qazaqtardaǵy qyz alyp qashý dástúri laqailardyń atasy – Alaqai batyrdan bastalatyn shyǵar – avt.).

Pazylshah Qyrym soǵy­synan je­ńilip, basy iilip, eline qaityp kelse, qypshaq tutqynnyń óz qyzyn, júirik atyn jáne qos qarýyn alyp qashqanyn estidi. Mundai masqaralyqqa shydai almai, ásker jinap, taǵy da jo­ryq­qa attanady. Bul habar qypshaq eline jetedi. Alaqai batyr qypshaqtardyń hanymen kezdesip, bul soǵystyń sebebi ózi ekenin, son­dyq­tan qandy shaiqasqa aldymen ózi shyǵatynyn aitady. Pazylshah birneshe kún júrip jetedi. Bul kezde qypshaqtyń sarbazdary men batyrlary da jinalyp, daiyn turady. Alaqai batyr maidanǵa shyǵyp, Pazylshahqa endi óziniń qaiynatasy ekenin, qyzy onyń qolynda otyrǵanyn, týysqandyq bailanys ornatý kerektigin aityp, jaýdyń búkil áskerin úiine qonaqqa shaqyrady. Pazylshah bul usynysty qabyldamaidy. Soǵysatynyn aityp, ortaǵa óz batyryn shaqyrady. Qypshaqtardan Alaqai ortaǵa shy­ǵyp, jaýdyń batyryn jeńedi. Nátijede eki arada qantógis shai­qas bastalady da, qyzylbastar qyp­­shaq­­­­tardan jeńile bastaidy. Qyp­shaq­tar soǵysty toqtatyp, taǵy da týysqan bolǵandaryn eskertip qo­naqqa shaqyrady. Jeńilgen Pazyl­shah usynysty qabyldaýdan bas­qa sharasy qalmaidy. Alaqaidyń úiine kelip qyzymen kórisedi. Bir­neshe kúndik syi-siiapattan keiin Ala­qaidyń basshylyǵynda qypshaq batyrlary da Pazylshahty qorǵap, qyzylbastardyń eline barady. Ol jerde de úlken dastarqan jaiylyp, siiapat bolyp, eki el tynyshtyqta ómir súrýge kirisedi.

XVII-XVIII ǵasyrlardan bas­tap laqailar Jideli Baisyn, iaǵni Ońtústik Buhara mańyn mekendedi. Qazaq elinde bul kezeńde jońǵarlar men qalmaqtardyń basqynshylyǵyna qarsy eldi biriktirgen Qaramende bi degen áýlie bolǵan. Qazirgi Tájikstannyń astanasy Dýshanbe qa­lasynan 20 shaqyrym jerde la­qailar turatyn úlken Qaramende, Almaty aýyldarynyń eki jarym ǵasyrdan beri bar ekeni laqailardyń qazaqtarmen etnogenetikalyq ja­qyn­dyǵyn aiqyndai túsedi.

1920 jyldyń qyrkúieginde Buhara ámirligi qulatyldy. Endi qa­zirgi Tájikstan aýma­ǵynyń bir bó­ligi shyǵys Buhara okrýgi dep ata­lyp, onyń quramynda Dýshanbe, Qor­ǵantóbe, Kýlab jáne Ǵarm oblystary quryldy. Sonymen qatar, Dýshanbe oblysynyń quramyndaǵy aýyldar Laqai, Jańabazar, Ǵa­zymálik, Iaban, Hisar jáne Faiyzabat aýdandary quramyna biriktirildi. 1924 jyly Keńes ókimetiniń ákim­shi­lik-aýmaqtyq shekaralaý saiasa­ty nátijesinde Ózbekstannyń qu­ra­mynda Tájikstan avtonomiialy res­pýblikasy qurylǵan soń, 1927 jyly buryn ómirge kelgen aýdandar odan saiyn keńeitilip, qazirgi Rýdaki, Iaban, Qorasan, Varzob aý­dandaryn biriktiretin laqai-tájik aýdany qurylǵan bolatyn. Sol aýdanda Qaramende aýyldyq keńesi belgilenedi de, ol quramyna Kavki, Jermeshit, Qyzylqystaq, Qorqudyq, Pahrabat, Borbulaq, Horaz, Qyshyly, Kúrdeksai, Myr­zaǵulabat, Túieshiabat, Esh­me, Shar-shar, Tasbulaq, Kishimergen, Orazbai, Aqbas, Kúntýabat, Ózdenabat, Aqsa­ryabat, Qaramende jáne Almaty syndy ondaǵan aýyl­dardy qamtydy. 1959 jy­ly ortalyqtandyrý oń­tús­tik Tájikstan, iaǵni Vahsh ańǵa­ry­na kóshirildi. Qaramende aýyl­dyq keńesiniń turǵyndary azaiǵan soń, ony basqa aýyldarmen qosyp, Dahanakiik aýyldyq keńesi dep atai bastady», delingen 2007 jyly Dý­shan­bede jaryq kórgen Q.Ahmedovtiń eń­beginde. Sóitip, Qaramende degen at resmi sheńberlerde óshirilip, tek halyqtyń tarihi jadynda ǵa­na qaldy. Qaramende bidiń qa­bi­ri Qazaq­stannyń Qaraǵandy obly­sy Aqtoǵai aýdanynda 1992 jyly qaita qal­pyna keltirilip, 2012 jyldyń qyr­kúieginde Balqash qalasynda úlken eskertkishtiń ornatylǵany osy tarihi tulǵanyń halqymyzdyń etnoáleýmettik jáne mádeni damý­yn­daǵy ornyn kórsetedi. Qazirgi Tájikstanda jasaityn laqai eliniń maqsaty – Qaramende aýylynda Aqtoǵaidaǵy atamyzdyń qabirinen topyraq ala baryp, áýlieniń qasietti qabirin tiktep, oǵan eskertkish ornatý. Bul ondaǵy eldiń rýhani kemeldenýinde óte mańyzdy bolyp tur.

Sonymen, laqailardyń qazaq­tar­men týystyq, tarihi bailanystaryn dáleldei túsetin jaǵdai osy Qaramende bi. Qaramende degen aýyl qazir Fahrabad dep ózgergenimen, laqailarda búginge deiin bar. Demek, bul aýyl turǵyndary Qara­men­de bidiń urpaqtary bolyp, óz ata­la­ry­nyń qurmeti úshin jerdi sol kisiniń atymen ataǵan.

Eki halyqty jaqyndata túsetin taǵy bir jaǵdai: laqaidyń úlken rýy Esenqoja dep atalady. Shymkent mańyndaǵy Sairamda Esenqoja, iaǵni Qazy Baizabidiń kesenesi bar. Onyń tómengi bóliginde Kóktas degen aýyl jatyr. Laqailardyń Esenqoja rýy ornalasqan Dýshanbe qalasynan 10 shaqyrym qashyqtyqta Kóktas aýyly bolǵan. Qazir Samaniian dep atalady. Budan tys Sai­ramdaǵy Kóktastan 20 shaqyrym qa­shyq­tyq­ta Sultanrabat aýy­ly bar eken. Dýshanbedegi Kóktastan da dál osyn­dai qashyqtyqta Sultanabad aýyly qonys tepken. Bizdińshe, bular ke­z­deisoq jaǵdai emes. Ol bir kez­der­degi osy halyqtarǵa qatysty ótken tarihi oqi­ǵalardyń dáleli bolýy múm­kin.

XVIII-XIX ǵasyrlarda aimaqtaǵy laqailardyń aby­roi-bedeli artyp, iri jailaý­lar solarǵa qarasty bolady. Olardyń asyl tuqymdy jylqylary men ǵissarlyq qoilary tarihi damý barysynda Maýaroýnnahr óńiriniń mal sharýashylyǵynda jetek­shi orynǵa shyqqan.

Búgingi kúnderi taýly aýyldar­da áielder erkektermen qatar atqa minedi. Bul qubylys, árine, la­qai­lardyń Qambar ata túligine degen qy­zy­ǵýshylyǵyn baiqatady. Laqailar­da jylqy sharýa­shylyǵy damyǵan. Jetpisinshi jyldarǵa deiin qymyz óndi­risi boldy. Eki halyq bir-biri­men qyz alysyp, qyz berisip, myń jyldyq qudan­daly syilastyqta ómir súrdi.

Tóńkeriske deiin laqailar túrki quramdas bólikteriniń biri retinde Buhara ámirliginiń ómirinde belgili bir oryn alyp, ózindik mártebege jet­­k­en. Olar negizinen mal sha­rýa­shylyǵymen aina­lys­qan. Kókpar tartýda dańqy shyǵyp, laqai dep atalatyn asyl tuqymdy jylqylardy ósirip, táýelsiz de erkin ómir súrgen.

XX ǵasyrdyń 20-30-jyldarynda laqailar da ult-azattyq qoz­ǵa­lys­qa el qor­ǵanyshy retinde qaty­nas­qan. Son­dyqtan da burynǵy ke­ńes zamanynda, basqa etnostyq top­tar siiaqty, laqailar da qýǵyn-súrgin saiasatynyń bas­ty nysanyna ainalǵan.

Laqailardyń 1921-1931 jyl­dar­daǵy bolshevikterge qarsy kóterilisine basshylyq ja­saǵan – Muhammed Ybyrai­ym­bek. «Ol al­ǵash­qy­da óz aina­lasyna tórt myńǵa jýyq adam jinaǵan bolsa, 1921 jylǵy jeltoqsan aiyna taman oǵan baǵynyshty ásker­ler­diń sany on myńǵa jetti». «Ybyraiymbek qysqa ýaqytta 10 000-nan astam ásker jinap, Kolap, Baljýan, Qarategin, Darbaz, Hissar oblystaryn qyzyl áskerlerden bosatty» degen derekter bar. 1984 jyly Tashkentte jaryq kórgen «Basmachestvo: sotsialno-politicheskaia sýshnost» degen kitapta.

Jalpy alǵanda, 1926 jyl­dyń jazǵy shaǵyna deiin Yby­raiymbek Baisyn, Denaý, Hissar, Qorǵantóbe, Dańǵara, Qyzylmazar, Jarypkól, Kolap, Baljýan aimaqtarynda so­ǵystar júrgizip, iri jeńis­ter­ge qol jet­­kizedi. Biraq bolshevikterdiń san jaǵynan da, soǵys tehnikasy jaǵynan da basym bolǵandyǵynan 1926 jyly jazda Aýǵanstanǵa aýyp ketedi. 1929 jyldyń kókteminde bilik basyna Omonýllanyń ornyna Bachai Saqo kelgen soń, Ybyra­i­ym­bek Aýǵanstannyń sol­tústik bó­ligine kóship, áýeli Bachai Saqonyń bi­ligin nyǵaitý úshin kúreske kiri­sedi. Al keiinirek sol­tústiktegi túrik­menderdiń piri – ishan Ha­lifa­men birlesip, túrkilerdiń ókimet biligin ornatýǵa atsalysady. Osy ýaqyt­qa taman aýǵandar biligi Nádir shahtyń qolyna ótken edi. Nádir shah Ulybritaniiadan járdem alǵan­da, Ybyraiymbektiń áskerleri Ámýdariia­nyń Tájikstanmen shek­tes tusyna shegine bastaidy. Ná­tijesinde, 1931 jyldyń kók­te­minde ol keńes jerlerine ótip, bol­she­vik­ter­ge tutqynǵa beriledi. So­ńyra ony Dýshanbeden Tashkentke alyp kelip, bir jyl boiy tergeýge sa­l­ǵan soń, 1932 jylǵy tamyz aiynda Ózbekstan astanasynda atyp óltiredi.

Laqailardyń ózgeshe bir ádet-ǵuryptary men salt-dástúrleri bar. Olardyń qyzdarynyń qolynan shyq­qan tigin makramesi, júk shary­ǵysh, aina-qaltalar jáne solarǵa uqsas basqa da ulttyq mádeniet úlgileri tek qana Ortalyq Aziia, TMD elderinde ǵana emes, tipti Batys Eýropadaǵy etno­grafiialyq murajailardyń kór­kine kórik qosyp otyr. Ásirese, la­­qai­­lardyń tigin japqyshtary men kesteli taqiialary ulttyq máde­niet­tiń ózgeshe bir úlgileri bolyp kózge túsedi. Laqailardyń ádet-ǵu­ryptary men salt-dástúrleri, bul halyq­tyń qaitalanbas aýyz ádebieti men dialektisi turaqty ǵylymi zertteýdi kerek etedi.

Násireddin NAZAROV,

saiasi ǵylymdar doktory, Tashkenttegi Kamaliddin Beҳzad atyndaǵy

sýret jáne dizain institýtynyń professory

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