Qazaq halqy – tarihta nebir náýbetti, qyspaqty zamandy bastan ótkerip, rýhani tutastyǵy ári qaisar minezimen ózin saqtap qalǵan el. Mońǵol shapqynshylyǵy, jońǵar janjaly, orys otarshylyǵy men keńestik kezeńdegi qýǵyn-súrgindi de kórdi. Orys patshalyǵy tusynda bastaý alǵan rýhani otarlaý saiasaty qazaq dalasynda qalai júrgizildi? Keshegi hám búgingi kúnniń imamy qandai? Tarihi sabaqtastyq pen bailanys týrasynda teologiia jáne filosofiia ǵylymdarynyń doktory, professor Dosai Kenjetai baiandaidy.
– Qazaq halqynyń qart tarihynda nebir aýmaly-tókpeli kezeńder ótkenin bilemiz. Ótken ǵasyrdyń otarshyldyq dáýirindegi imam-moldalardyń rýhaniiat salasyndaǵy umtylystary qandai boldy?
– Qazaqtyń mádeni, ulttyq bolmysqa ainalýynyń tarihi qubylysynyń mazmunynda islam jatyr. Bul aqiqat - ǵylymi, kýltýrologiialyq jáne antropologiialyq sharttar men qalyptarǵa dál keletin tujyrymdama. Sondyqtan qazaq qai kezde de óziniń qasieti men qorǵanyn islamnan, óziniń ótken tarihi jolynan izdegen. Keshegi mońǵol shapqynshylyǵy, jońǵar zobalańy, orys otarshyldyǵy, kerek deseńiz keńestik rejimniń qyspaǵy kezinde halyq islam dinine táý etken. Saýalyńyzǵa orai, orys otarshyldyq kezeńindegi qazaq molda, ishandary men imamdarynyń dini rýhani jolǵa umtylysy men qyzmetine qysqasha sholý jasaiyn.
HIH ǵasyrdyń ortasyna deiin patsha úkimeti musylman dinin qazaq dalasynda Reseidiń yqpalyn kúsheitý quraly, halyq sanasyna áser etý quraly retinde paidalanýdy kózdeidi. Osy maqsatpen qazaq jerinde orys úkimeti esebinen saldyrǵan meshitter paida bolady. Bul onyń shovinistik saiasatynyń túpki muratyn kóleńkeleý bolatyn.
Patsha úkimeti qazaq dalasyna meshit, medreseler salyp, qazaqtardyń dini isterin Orynbor dini basqarmasyna qaratyp, islam dinine esh qarsy kelmeitinin, kerisinshe, qoldaý kórsetetindigin tanytqan edi. Alaida bul negizinen qazaqty tarihi tamyry men mádeni, órkeniettik oshaqtarynan ajyratý áreketi edi. Nege? Sebebi ózderine adal, berik moldalar arqyly qazaqty otarlaýdy maqsat etti.
1788 jyly Orynbor musylman dini basqarmasynyń negizi salynyp, Kishi júz jáne Orta júz qazaqtarynyń dini isteri soǵan qaratylady.
Bul arqyly qazaqtyń arasyna jik salýdy da júzege asyrdy. Basqarmanyń negizgi mindeti qazaqtar arasyna dini kitaptar taratý jáne dáris beretin imamdardy daiarlaý, olarǵa kýálikter berý bolatyn. Buǵan qosa imamdar qazaq dalasynda qazaq dini uiymdaryn qurýy qajet boldy. Olar kóshpeli qazaqtar arasyna da dini bilim taratý jáne dini istermen ainalysýy qajet edi. Qazaq rýhani álemi ekige bólindi. Ony orys aǵartýshylyǵy men jádidshildik jáne qadimshildik mektepterinen kórýge bolady. Mysaly Abai men Mailyqoja eki mekteptiń ókili.
– Rýhani otarlaý saiasaty yryqqa kónbegen imam-moldalardyń izine sham alyp túsip, qýǵyndaýǵa ushyratqan bolar?
– Álbette. Ol ýaqytta dini bilim alýǵa niet qylǵandar kóbine Buharaǵa qarai aǵylatyn. Buharada bilim alǵan din qyzmetkerleri qazaqtar arasynda erekshe bedel men abyroiǵa ie boldy. Sol sebepti patsha úkimeti de ortalyqaziialyq handyqtardy, ásirese, Qoqan handyǵy ishinde ózara alaýyzdyqtardy órshitýge tyrysady. Tarihy taǵdyrlas Ortalyq Aziiadaǵy jáne Qazaqstandaǵy musylman dinindegi halyqtardyń ózara bailanysynyń kúsheiýi patsha ókimetiniń islamǵa degen saiasatyn kúrt ózgertti. 1867 jylǵa qarai búkil qazaq jerin jaýlap alǵan Resei imperiiasy islam dininiń túrki halyqtary arasyndaǵy yqpalyn barynsha álsiretýge tyrysty. 1868 jyly qazaqtar Orynbor dini basqarmasynan shyǵarylyp tastaldy, musylman din basylarynyń quqyqtaryna shek qoiyldy. HIH ǵasyrdyń ekinshi jartysynan bastap orys úkimeti Orta Aziialyq handyqtarda bilim alǵan imamdardyń qyzmetine tyiym saldy, al musylman dinin ýaǵyzdap, orystandyrýǵa qarsy turǵan, kózi ashyq ishandar men qojalar jer aýdaryldy, qýǵynǵa ushyrady.
Qazaq halqy óz tarihynyń qai kezeńinde bolmasyn eń bir qiyn-qystaý zamandar men tyǵyryqqa tirelgen kúnderde ataqty handary men sultandaryn, qara qyldy qaq jaryp, ádil bilik aitatyn bilerin, qan maidandarda qol bastaityn batyrlaryn, eldi uiytyp, rýhani jaǵynan tálim-tárbie beretin rýhani kósemderi – pir, áýlie, ahýn, ishandardy aldyǵa shyǵaryp otyrǵan. Keibir osyndai tulǵalar búkilhalyqtyq deńgeige kóterilip, olardyń is-áreketteri men qyzmetteri el esinde umytylmastai saqtalyp qalsa, keibir tulǵalardyń qoǵamdyq qyzmetteri aimaqtyq deńgeide bolyp, olar sol óńirlerdegi halyqtyń jadynda jattalyp qaldy. Otarlyq ezginiń kúsheiýine qarsy tura alatyn, eldi shashyratpai uiyta biletin, otarlaýdyń bir bóligi bolyp sanalǵan shoqyndyrý saiasatyna rýhani birlik pen imandylyqty tosqaýyl etip, tý etken tulǵalardyń tarih minberine kóterilýi tabiǵi qubylys edi.
Reseidiń Qazaqstandy otarlaýǵa baǵyttalǵan saiasaty HVIII ǵasyrdyń 30-shy jyldarynan bastaý alyp, ol HIH ǵasyrdyń ortasyna taman birneshe kezeńnen ótedi de, birneshe aspektini qamtidy. Oǵan saiasi, ákimshilik jáne ekonomikalyq otarlaý sekildi aspektiler jatady. HIH ǵasyrdyń birinshi jartysynda mundai otarlyq saiasatqa qarsy kóterilister men soǵystardyń bolǵany tarihtan málim. Al HIH ǵasyrdyń 60-shy jyldarynyń ortasynda Resei Qazaqstandy baǵyndyrýdy tolyǵymen aiaqtap, ekonomikalyq otarlaýdy odan ári kúsheitedi de, otarlaýdyń kelesi bir túri rýhani otarlaýdy júzege asyrýǵa kirise bastaidy. Ekonomikalyq otarlaýǵa – jaqsy jaiylymdar men shuraily jerlerden aiyrylý, kóshi-qon baǵyttaryn ózgertý, ártúrli sipattaǵy tiym salýlar, salyqtardyń, mindetkerlikterdiń san jaǵynan da, kólem jaǵynan da ósýi jáne t.b. jatady. Munyń báriniń qazaq halqy úshin qanshalyqty aýyr bolǵanyn sózben aityp jetkizý óte qiyn.
Al rýhani otarlaý – qazaq halqynyń halyq retinde ómir súrýine óte qaýip týǵyzǵan, otarlaýdyń eń bir surqiia, qaýipti túri boldy. Oǵan jergilikti qazaqtardy ártúrli aila-tásildermen (onyń ishine úrkitý, qorqytý, kúshteý, qinaý, qorlaý, zorlaý, jábirleý de kiredi) shoqyndyrý, iaǵni hristian dinine kirgizý, qazaq dalasynda hristian dinin taratý, shirkeýler salý, orys tilinde oqytatyn mektepter ashyp, oǵan qazaq balalaryn tartý, qazaq halqynyń dástúrli dini – islam dinine qysymshylyq jasaý, meshitter men medreselerdiń ashylýyna kedergi keltirý, qazaq tilin kemsitý jáne t.s.s. is-áreketter, aila-sharǵylar jatady. Osy kezeńdi sipattaityn tarihi derekter HVIII ǵasyrdyń sońy men HIH ǵasyrdyń orta tusynda Orynbor ólkesinde rýhanilyq otarlaýdyń oń nátije bere bastaǵanyn kórsetedi. HIH ǵasyrdyń ekinshi jartysynda rýhani otarlaý endi búkil qazaq dalasynda josparly túrde júzege asyryla bastady.
– Din qairatkerleri saiasi, rýhani-moraldyq qysymshylyqtarǵa qarsy tura bildi me?
– HIH ǵasyrdyń bas kezinde Qazaq eliniń memlekettiligi, handyǵy joiylyp, qazaq halqynyń kópshiligi Reseige baǵynǵanda, bir júieli elder Hiýa, Qoqan handyqtaryna panalady. HIH ǵasyrda patshalyq Reseidiń otarlaý saiasatynyń bir qyry rýhani otarlaý úrdisi júrdi. Mine, osy tusta qazaq dalasynyń rýhani-mádeni tutastyǵy úshin kúresken rýhani qairatker, imamdardyń shoǵyry paida boldy. Osy arada aita keteiik, qazaq qoǵamynyń óz ishinde rýhani tutastyqqa qarsy elementterdiń de bolǵany qupiia emes.
Islam dini ǵasyrlar boiy halyq rýhaniiatynyń negizi bolyp kelgendigi málim. Din ǵulamalary – imamdar qandai da bir aýyr jaǵdaida aldyńǵy qatarda bolyp, sap túzep, jalpy halyqtyń paidasyn kózdegen. Olar orys otarshylaryna qarsy halyqty biriktirip, erkindik úshin, din úshin soǵysyp, sol kezdegi ezgige qarsy turdy. Sondyqtan orystar olardy – din ǵulamalary men imamdardy eń qaýipti dushpan retinde tanyp, qýǵynǵa ushyratqanyna tarih kýá.
– Imam qai zamanda da Haqqa júginip, aqiqatty anyq aityp, halyqty kúmándi dúnielerden saqtandyrýshy tulǵa ǵoi. Degenmen, búgingi qoǵamda moldalyq mindet pen imamdyq qyzmet tóńireginde oryndy-orynsyz aitylǵan syn-pikirlerdi estip jatamyz. Jalpy imam degenimiz kim? Qazirgi qoǵamnyń imamy qandai bolýy tiis?
– Imam – musylman qaýymynyń eń birinshi tulǵasy, ustazy, ainasy. Bul anyqtamalardyń mazmuny árbir qoǵamdyq belesterde óziniń syrtqy, ishki kelbetin tanytyp otyrdy. Men endi ótken tarihty aityp, bolǵandy emes, búgingi imamǵa qandai mindetter júktelip otyrǵandyǵyna toqtalaiyn.
Imam – arabsha «eldiń aldy, qoǵam ainasy, lider, kósem» degen maǵynalardy bildiretin sóz. Alla men adamdar arasyndaǵy qulshylyq paryzyn ótetý arqyly bastalǵan imam qyzmeti islam tarihi tájiribesinde kóptegen belesterden ótti. Keshegi ateistik keńestik rejim kezinde Allasyz qoǵam qurý, ultsyzdandyrý, mádenietsizdendirý saiasatyna negizdelgen ideologiia imam ataýynyń óńin ainaldyryp túsindirip baqty. Imam – aldymen tulǵa. Imam tulǵasy onyń isi men biliminiń, amaly men háliniń tutastyǵynan nár alyp, dindi, mádenietti, ultty, qoǵamnyń ishki turaqtylyǵy men baiandylyǵyna óz ómirin arnaityn janpida, Haqqa qyzmetin halyqqa qyzmet etý dep biletin sanaly, jan jaqty bilimdi azamat. Ol aldymen ózi ózimen tutastyqta, huzyrda bolyp, imany men jiǵany sai, qoǵamǵa paidaly ilim men bilimdi ajyrata biletin, aina bolýy qajet. Sebebi, sol arqyly imam qoǵamnyń ózgerýine yqpal etedi. Qurandaǵy «Qaýym ózin ózgertpeiinshe, Alla ony ózgertpeidi» degen aiat osy ustanymdy pash etedi. Imamda bilim men ilim, iman men amal, eń bastysy –úlgi berer minez qulyq iesi, sózi men isi tutas er tulǵasy talap etiledi.
Qazaqta «bitke ókpelep, tonyńdy otqa jaqpa» degen sóz bar. Imam – dinniń ókili. Sondyqtan imamǵa qarap, islamǵa baǵa berý túsinikti jait. Osy sózdiń tórkini árbir imamǵa islam dininiń ainasy ekendigin esine alyp turýy abzal. Qazirgi jahandyq úderiste bar báleni islam dinine jaǵyp jatqanda bul ustanym eń basty ólshem bolýy tiis. Islamofobiiany seiiltetin de osy imamdar bolýy kerek.
Imam – tek meshittiń ishinde ǵana jaýapty emes, ol tutas bir ulttyń, mádeniettiń, memlekettiń baiandylyǵyna tikelei jaýapty tulǵa. Mine, memleket osy baǵytta imamdarymyzdy daiyndap, olarǵa erekshe qamqorlyq pen jaýapkershilik sezindire bilýi kerek degen oidamyn. Óitkeni, búgingi din men mádeniet qatynasyndaǵy memlekettiń zaiyrlylyq ustanymyn imamnan basqa tulǵalardyń durys jetkizýi qiyn. Ol úshin imam dini tanym men ǵylymi tanymdy qatar alyp, tanyp, meńgergen saiasi ám moraldyq turǵydan barynsha jetilgen, rýhani tutastyq pen kelisimniń ortalyǵy bolýy kerek.
Qazirgi ýaqytta imamdarǵa kóp syn aitylyp jatady. Bul imamdardyń eldiń, mádeniettiń, din men dildiń jalpy qoǵamnyń ortalyǵy ekendigin kórsetedi. Imam eldiń ainasy, halyqtyń kózi siiaqty. Ol kóz aqiqatty durys kórý úshin de árdaiym ózin de bilimin de amaly men ailasyn da tazartyp, damytyp otyrǵany abzal. Ýaqyt jyldam ózgeris ústinde. Imamdar da zaman talabyn aldyn ala boljap ikemdelip otyrmasa synnan ajyramaidy.
Áitse de búgingi imamdarymyzǵa alǵys aitamyn. Jahandyq qysym men salafittik shabýyldarǵa qarsy turyp jatqandar da osy imamdarymyz. Biraq, «bir qumalaq, bir qaryn maidy shiritedi». Bizde imamdar bar, demek úmit bar degen sóz!
– Áńgimeńizge rahmet.
Suhbattasqan
Jaiyq NAǴYMASh
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