Foto: Pexels.com
Boyce Thompson institýtynyń (BTI) ǵalymdary Kornell ýniversiteti (AQSh) jáne Shandýn aýylsharýashylyq ýniversiteti (Qytai) zertteýshilerimen birlesip, almanyń, onyń ishinde bastysy – Malus domestica-nyń evoliýtsiiasyndaǵy jumbaqtyń sheshimin tapty. Bul týraly ekonomist Almas Chýkin Telegram arnasynda jazdy.
Ǵalymdar Soltústik Amerikadan Aziiaǵa deiingi 24 túrli almanyń 117 túriniń genomyn ashyp, ósimdiktiń genetikalyq damý jolyn anyqtady. Nátijesinde, barlyq almanyń túp atasy qazirgi Qazaqstannyń Tian-Shan jotasynyń batys bóliginde ósetin Malus sieversii (Sivers almasy) ekenin ǵylymi turǵydan dáleldegen.
"Keiin bul alma Eýropaǵa jáne Qytaidyń ońtústigine barar jolda Crab Apple-men (shaǵyn, qyshqyl jemisti alma) aralasqan", - dep jazady Chýkin.
Almanyń paidaly jemis retinde tanylýynyń sebebi – alǵashqy alma tabiǵatynan-aq iri bolǵan, sondyqtan ony adamdar tez jetildire alǵan. Al qyzanaqpen jumys isteý áldeqaida kúrdeli bolǵan, sebebi onyń jabaiy tabiǵattaǵy túri óte kishkentai jidek edi. Sondyqtan buryn botanikter kóbine sipattamalarǵa súienip, mikroskoppen kesindilerdi qarap jumys istegen. Al qazir genge tikelei úńilýge múmkindik bar.
"Bul gendermen jumys isteý óte qarapaiym: negizgi kod bar jáne kóptegen úlgiler bar. Eger qandai da bir ózgeshe genetikalyq tarmaqtar basqa úlgilerde qaitalanbasa, bul kesh paida bolǵan mýtatsiialar nemese aralasýlar bolyp sanalady. Osylaisha, kúrdeli kombinatsiialardy birtindep joia otyryp, barlyq topqa tán «bazalyq» kodqa jetýge bolady", - deidi Chýkin.
Taǵy bir qyzyǵy – jabaiy almalar tuqym arqyly kóbeie alatyn qasietin saqtap qalǵan. Al ósirilgen alma sorttary olai emes. Eger siz dúkennen alynǵan qazirgi almany jerge otyrǵyzsańyz, onyń jemisi bastapqyǵa múlde uqsamaýy múmkin. Sondyqtan almalar kóbine tek saptaý men kóshetter arqyly ósiriledi. Avtordyń aitýynsha, bul qyzǵaldaqtarǵa da qatysty.
"Qyzǵaldaqtar Aziiadan seljuqtar men Osman imperiiasy arqyly Italiiaǵa jetip, keiin XVI ǵasyrda Niderlandyǵa ákelingen. Italiandyqtar sipattaǵan jabaiy qyzǵaldaqtar kishkentai sary gúlder bolyp, qazirgi qyzǵaldaqqa onsha uqsamaidy. Alaida kóktemde bizdiń taýlarda ósetin sary qyzǵaldaqtar barsha qyzǵaldaqtyń túpki atasy ekenin dáleldeý artyq bolmas edi", - deidi Almas Chýkin.
Osydan keiin avtor qyzyq derek keltirdi: álemdegi barlyq úi alamandary (homiak) bir siriialyq juptan taraǵan. 1930 jyly Ierýsalim ýniversitetiniń professory Izrael Aharoni bul jupty qolǵa úiretip ósire alǵan.
