Foto: travelask.ru
Óz ýaqytynda, Ortalyq Aziia elderin shapqynshylyqqa ushyratyp, qily zamanǵa túsirgen, dáýiri júrip turǵan kezde kúndei kúrkiregen Jońǵar imperiiasynyń kóshpendileri keiinnen qytaidan qyrǵyn taýyp, áýpirimdep aman qalǵan qaldyqtary Altai taýyna baryp panalap, sol arada ornyǵyp qalady. Uzaq ǵasyrlar kóleminde orystar bulardy «altai tatarlary» dep atap kelgen. Altailyqtar (Oirattar) Hakas pen Qyrǵyz tiliniń aralyq tiline uqsaityn, túrki elderiniń qataryna kiredi. (Jalpy, Resei Federatsiiasyndaǵy túrkilerge: tatar men bashqurt, sondai-aq, iakýtpen birge altai dep atalatyn oirattar men hakastar da kiredi.) Qazirgi qasymyzdaǵy qyrǵyzdar da, altailyq oirattar da, sonymen qatar, hakas jurty da óz zamanyndaǵy Enesai (Enisei) boiyn qatar jailaǵan tutas qanattas elder deýge bolady. Taǵy aitarymyz, Qyrǵyz ben Oirat (qazirgi Altailyqtar) kóshpendileri, sonaý XIII ǵasyrdyń basynan, qazirgi Týva (Týba) aýmaǵynan beri jyljyǵandar (Tipti, elimizben shekaralas qonǵan uiǵyrlardyń ózi de, kezinde Enesai qyrǵyzdarynan kúirei jeńilip, (Uiǵyr qaǵanaty) aqtaban shubyryndyǵa ushyrap, jan saýǵalap, qazirgi Shyńjan aýmaǵyna kóship kelgender).
Oirat - Altailyqtardyń jalpy senimi (dini) shamandyq bolǵanymen, keiinnen orystardyń bodandyǵyna túsken soń, bulardy kúshpen hristian dinine engizedi.
Sonaý 552 jyldary osy Altai túrkileri, iaǵni, oirattar óz memleketin quryp, astanasyn Orhonǵa kóshiredi. XIII ǵasyrdan bastap, Shyńǵys han qurǵan Uly túrki qaǵanatyna baǵynyp, imperiia quramyna kiredi. Al, XVII ǵasyrdyń aiaǵynan bastap, sonaý alys zamanda Enesai (Enisei) boiynan Alataý baýyryna kelip, qońystanǵan qyrǵyzdyń kóshpeli taipalarymen birigip, Jońǵar handyǵyn qurady. Sóitip, oirattar ulanǵasyr aýmaqty jaýlap alyp, tarihta Jońǵar handyǵy atalǵan imperiianyń negizin qalaidy. Degenmen, osylardyń únemi shapqynshylyǵynan, tonaýynan yzasy sheginen shyqqan shúrshitterdiń bir retki joiqyn joryǵynan (Qytailyq general Pý Deniń armiiasynan) keiin, bul handyq tastalqan bolyp qyiraidy jáne eli orasan zor qyrǵynǵa ushyraidy.
Eger Jońǵar eli týraly qysqasha aitar bolsaq («qalmaq» sózi, «tatar» degen sóz sekildi jalpylama ataý ǵana) ; 1635 jyly osy Oirattyń Batýr (Batyr) qontaishysy negizin qurǵan Jońǵar handyǵy dúniege keledi. Ol, qazirgi Qazaqstannyń ońtústik – shyǵys jaǵyna ornalasady. 1640 jyly jońǵarlar, iaǵni, oirattar «Dalalyq jarǵy» degen atpen áskeri jáne azamattyq zańdar jinaǵyn shyǵarady. Taǵy bir eskerterimiz, osy, qurylǵan Jońǵar handyǵynyń irgesindegi qyrǵyzdar da bularǵa áskeri jasaq retinde kirip, qol biriktiredi. Tarihi eńbekterge úńilgenimizde, sol kezdegi Jońǵar handyǵynyń sarbazdarynyń sany júz myńnan asyp jyǵylady eken. Olardyń alpys myń jaýyngeri qońtaishynyń turaqty áskeri bolǵan.
Jońǵar handyǵy eliniń rýhani birligin qamtamasyz etýde Tibet lamalary da eleýli ról atqardy.
Alaida oirattar qurǵan Jońǵar handyǵyn qoia turyp, biz ári qarai qazirgi Altailyqtar dep atalǵan oirat eline oralaiyq.
XVIII – XIX ǵasyrda Resei imperiiasynyń otarlyq ezgisinde bolady. Tóńkeris kezinde, iaǵni, 1922 jyldary Resei quramyndaǵy Oirat avtonomiialyq oblysy bolyp qurylady. Degenmen, 1948 jyly bular, Resei quramyndaǵy Taýly Altai avtonomiialyq oblysy dep atalyp, ózgertiledi. 1990 jyly Taýly Altai avtonomiiasy óz táýelsizdigin jariialap, Resei Federatsiiasy quramyndaǵy Altai Respýblikasy bolyp qurylady.
Oirat – Altailyqtardyń dástúrli kásibi: mal baǵý, egin salý, sondai-aq, ustalyqpen ainalysady jáne syrmaq basý, alasha, kilem toqý, teri ileý, zerleý bulardyń ata kásibiniń biri deýge bolady. Altailyqtardyń kóneden kele jatqan bai aýyz ádebieti bar. Ony jyrlaýshylardy qaishy dep ataidy. Osy aýyz ádebietiniń nusqalary XIX ǵasyrdyń ekinshi jartysynan bastap qaǵaz betine túsirile bastady. Keiingi jyldary osy eldiń epos úlgileriniń jeti tomy – «Altai batyrlary» jaryq kórdi. Sonaý, ótken ǵasyrdyń 1922 jylynan bastap oirat tilinde «Altaidyń cholmony» (qazaqshalaǵanda «Altai sholpany») gazeti shyǵyp keledi.
Altai Respýblikasy Resei Federatsiiasy quramyndaǵy ulttyq – memlekettik qurylym. Joǵary zań shyǵarýshy organy – Ál (El) Quryltai, ol tórt jyl merzimge sailanatyn jiyrma jeti depýtattan turady. Joǵary atqarýshy organy – Úkimet, ony tóraǵa basqarady. Ortalyǵy Taýly Altai qalasy. Respýblika aýmaǵy – 92902 shaqyrym. Halqy – 201,6 myń adamnan turady. Resmi tilderi – orys, qazaq, jáne oirat tilderi. Respýblikanyń 31 %paiyzy oirattar, 62% paiyzy orystar, ózgeleri qazaqtar. Respýblika on aýdannan turady.
Sonymen, sonaý bir ǵasyrlarda Jońǵar handyǵy dep atalǵan aýqymdy imperiianyń negizin qurǵan jáne onyń alǵa qarai ósip, damýyna múmkindiginshe ter tógip, eńbek sińirgen, sondai-aq, imperiiany biraz ýaqyt kúndei kúrkirep ustap turǵan, zamanynda daqpyrty alysqa ketken azýly oirat taipasynyń, kezinde qytaidyń qyrǵynynan aman qalǵan, kishigirim bóligi osy – Altailyq túrkiler. Bular túrki tilinde ósip – ónip, tirshilik keship jatqan eldiń biri.
Beisenǵazy Ulyqbek
Qazaqstan Jýrnalister Odaǵynyń múshesi
