Tolstoi men Shákárim nemese ulylar ańsaǵan haq joly

Uly jazýshy ǵana emes, kemeńger oishyl Lev Tolstoi óziniń shytyrman taǵdyry men qupiiaǵa toly ǵumyrymen keiingi zertteýshiler men san myńdaǵan oqyrmanyna oilanýǵa negiz bolatyn tereń syr qaldyryp ketti. Tolstoidyń «Soǵys jáne beibitshilik», «Anna Karenina» syndy álem prozasynyń jaýharlaryn týdyrǵan qaitalanbas sýretkerligi óz aldyna úlken bir taqyryp. Al onyń aqiqat pen Jaratýshy týrasyndaǵy pikirleri men ustanymdary, uly jazýshynyń bizge áli tolyq ashylyp bitpegen bólek bir álemi bolyp otyr. Osyǵan deiin orys klassiginiń jalpy din men senimge, sondai-aq, Islamǵa qatysy jaily birshama zertteýler men qundy derekter jaryq kórdi. Alaida, bul taraptaǵy pikirler men joramaldar kúni búginge deiin bir toqtamǵa kelgen joq. Ásirese, kemeńgerdiń Islam dinine qatysy týraly pikirler san qily. Sheshimi daýly ári qupiiaǵa toly bul túiindi máselege, uly qalamgerdiń Hristian dini men Islam týraly kózqarasy, kemeńgerdiń óz zamanynda musylman áleminiń oishyldary men Shákárim Qudaiberdiulymen bolǵan rýhani úndestigi biraz anyqtyq beredi dep oilaimyz.

Qazaq pen orysqa ortaq rýhani qazyna

Tolstoidyń Islamǵa qatysy týrasynda sóz qozǵamas buryn, eń aldymen qazaqtyń aiaýly uldarynyń biri bolǵan – Shákárim babamyz ben orys ǵulamasynyń arasyndaǵy rýhani bailanysty tilge tiek etýden basta­ǵandy jón kóremiz. Bul eki oishyldyń óz zamanynda rýhani úndestikte bolyp, hat almasqandyǵy týraly búginderi jii aitylyp júr. Ókinishke orai, ulylardyń hat arqyly tildeskendigine shyn máninde dálel bolarlyq tarihi qujattar saqtalmaǵan. Dese de, Shá­kárim qajynyń uly Ahattyń esteligindegi myna bir qundy derekter, atalǵan máselege sál bolsa da jaryǵyn túsirýi múmkin. Onda, Ahat Shákárimulynyń óz ákesimen orys jazýshysy týraly bolǵan áńgimesi men Shákárim qajynyń rýhani ustazyna qoiǵan saýaldary­nyń mazmuny keltirilgen.

«Marqum ákemmen bolǵan bir áńgimede: «Siz Tolstoi týraly jai áńgimeńizde de, Tolstoi týraly jazǵan óleńi­ńizde de ony óte joǵary baǵalaisyz», – de­dim. Sonda ákei aitty: «Men Tolstoidy bu­rynda da baǵalai­tynmyn. Ásirese, men Tols­toidan úsh suraq suradym. Sol suraqta­ryma Tols­toi maǵan óte qymbatty jaýap qaitardy. Sol jaýaptary meni tolǵandyryp, ǵibadat alatyn sabaq bolyp, kóńilime ornap qal­dy. «Adam­nyń aryna tietin jaǵymsyz qy­lyqtardyń ishinde jáne Siz biletin arǵa eń aýyr tietini ne?» – dedim. Tolstoi buǵan: «Osy tizip turǵan­daryńnyń barlyǵy da adamshylyq arǵa tietin nárseler. Meniń­she, arǵa eń aýyr tie­tin bir is bar. Ol adam kópshilikke ne qo­ǵam­­ǵa ziian keletin haqi­qat isti bilip, sony bir nár­seden qorǵanyp, sol haqiqatty aitpai qal­sa, sol arǵa óte aýyr tiedi. Birinshi: sen óte bai bolyp, sol haqiqatty aitsań, maly­ńa ziian tise, ekin­shi: sen mansap iesi bolyp, sol haqi­qat­ty aitsań, mansabyńnan airylatyn bolsań, úshinshi: sol haqiqatty aitsań, basyń jazalanatyn bolsa, mine, osy úsh túrli zardaptardan qorǵanyp, kópke ziian keletin haqiqatty aitpai qalsań, arǵa eń aýyr tie­tini osy», – dedi. Ekinshi: «Iri shyǵarma­lar jazý­ǵa bet aldym. Buǵan qandai keńes beresiz?» – dedim. Buǵan ol kisi: «Kóp adamdar qatysatyn shyǵarma bolsyn, ne áń­gime bolsyn, aldymen, sol áńgimeniń ýa­qi­ǵasyna, is-áreketine jazýshy ózi ara­­­las­qandai je­tik bolýy kerek. Sol ýaqi­ǵanyń jaiy jazý­shyǵa ainadai aiqyndalyp, se­zinip turǵan­dai bolýy kerek. Olai bolma­ǵan kúnde áń­gime dál, qyzyqty bolyp shyq­pai­dy. «Kóleń­kege pishken ton boiǵa shaq kel­mei­di» degen máteldi jazýshy oidan shyǵar­maýy kerek. Ishine aralaspai, syrttai oi-­­jotamen ja­zylǵan shyǵarma shyndyqqa janaspai, qyzyqty bolyp shyqpaidy», – dedi. Úshin­shi: «Óz jazǵanymnyń durys, teri­sin synaý qiyn, óz shyǵarmamnyń qatesin qandai ádis­pen kórip, synap, túzeýge bolady?» – degen suraǵyma uly jazýshy: «Jazý­shynyń artyq qasieti – óz qatesin kórip, so­ny tú­zei alýy. Bul árkimniń qolynan kele ber­meidi. «Bireýdiń qatesin bireý kóredi» degen de bar. Bárinen adam óz qatesin ózi kó­rip, ózi túzegen artyq, óz qatesin túzei ala­­tyn qasiet adam­nyń óz boiynda bar. Ol – adamǵa bitken aq júrek. Eger adam is­tegen óz isin, jazǵan sózin aq júregine synata bilse, aq júrektiń sezimi ony ashyp bere alady. Aqyl tolǵaýynan ót­ken qory­tyndyny júrek eleginen ótkizý kerek. Júrek ymbalyna be­rilip daǵdylanǵan adam óz minin de, bireýdiń minin de kóre alady, sondyqtan ádil synshy – aq júrek», – dedi» (Ahat Qudaiberdiuly. «Shákárim jaiyndaǵy estelik», 64-b.).

Qazaq jáne orys rýhaniiatyna ortaq mura sanalatyn bul eki alyptyń hattaryn izdestirý, bolashaqtyń enshisindegi mańyzdy dúnieler qataryna jatqyzylady. Bul oraida biraz sharalar atqarylyp jat­qa­nyn aita ketýge de bolady. Mysal úshin, Abai mu­rajaiynan attanǵan bir top delegatsiia orys jazýshy­sy­nyń kózi tirisinde mekeni bolyp, qazir mura­jaiǵa ainalǵan Iasnaia polianaǵa baryp qaitqan bolatyn. Bul toptyń atalmysh sapary barysynda alǵa qoiǵan birneshe maq­sa­tynyń biri – Shákárim-Tolstoi hattaryn iz­des­tirý jumystary da bolǵan.

Osy baǵyt­taǵy jumystar júieli júr­gi­zilse, qazaq jáne orys kemeńgeriniń hattary tabylýy da yqti­mal. Al osynaý te­reń pá­sa­palyq mazmunǵa ie tarihi qujattar ta­bylyp jatqan jaǵ­daidaǵy eki eldiń má­deni qa­zy­nasyna qosar úlesin eskersek, zertteý shara­larynyń mańyzdylyǵy arta túsedi.

Eki oishyldy úndestirgen rýhani bailanys 

Tolstoi men Shákárimniń suraq-jaýap formasynda órbigen bul hatynan, oi alyptaryn tolǵandyrǵan máńgilik saýaldardyń ózara uqsastyǵy kórinedi. Qazaq aqynynyń shynaiy shyǵarmashylyqtyń negizgi mindeti men adastyrmaityn týra jolǵa bastaityn aqiqat týrasyndaǵy saýaldaryna Tolstoidyń bergen jaýabynan, orys oishyly men qazaq kemeńgeriniń rýhani bailanysyn kóre alamyz. Sonymen qatar, qos tulǵanyń óz zamanynda máńgilik shyndyqty izdeýinde ortaq rýhani bastaýlardan sýsyndaǵany osyndai jarasymdy pikir almasýlarynan úilesimdi kórinis tapqan. Sondyqtan bolar, Shákárim álemin taný arqyly orys jazýshysynyń taǵylymyna bas iemiz. Bul oraida Shákárim men Tolstoi arasyndaǵy oi-pikir, ideia úndes­tigi men taǵdyr uqsastyqtaryn salystyra otyryp, rýhani parallel ótkizýge bolady. Qazaq oishyly qaishylyqqa toly qoǵamda ómir súrgendigi belgili. Shyǵarmashylyq ada­my­nyń bolmysy onyń rýhani ainasy bolatyn týyndylarynan ańǵarylady desek, aqynnyń din men aqiqat, Jaratýshy týra­syndaǵy kózqarasy, kezinde jazyp qaldyr­ǵan dini óleńderinde keremet jyr joldarymen kestelengen.

Shákárim Qudaiberdiulynyń dúniege, ómirge, dinge degen óleń-oilary onyń kúres­ker aqyn bolǵanyn, jalpy, adam «taza aqyl» men «júrek kózi» arqyly aqiqatty, sol ar­qyly ózin tanidy degen rýhani ustanymda bolǵan tulǵa ekendiginen habar beredi. Aqyn­nyń tereń filosofiialyq óleńderinde dú­nie­ni jaratýshy Qudiretti Bir kúsh bar jáne ony moiyndaý kerektigi aitylyp, sondai-aq, onyń dáleli retinde, ainala qorshaǵan tabi­ǵattyń jarasymdylyǵynan kórinedi deitin syrly oi kórinis beredi. Budan bólek, qazaq kemeńgeriniń syr sózderinde, adamnyń aqi­qat bolmysty tanyp-bilýi, kedergisiz taza aqyl­ǵa synatý arqyly múmkin bolatyny, ke­re­met aqyndyq sheberlikpen astarlap jet­kizilgen.

Aqynnyń adam tanymynyń múmkindiginiń sheksiz­digine erekshe nazar aýdarǵandyǵyna dálel bolarlyq óleńderi az emes. Sonyń biri myna óleń joldarynda tamasha teńeýlermen astasyp kórinis beredi:
Aqyl qusy adaspai aspandasa,
Álemde nárse bolmas kózden tasa.
Jeti kók jerden ońai basqysh bolyp,
Ǵaryshqa qol jetedi qarmalasa.
Jannyń bári mendegi jar tabar edi,
Tereń oi, saý aqylmen shamalasa, –
degen jyr shýmaǵynda Shákárim qajy aqiqat­ty tanýdaǵy aqyldyń ornyn aiqyndap bergen. Sondai-aq, Shákárim men Tolstoi rýhani úndestigin tulǵalar ómiriniń sońǵy bóliginiń uqsastyǵymen de salystyryp ótýge bolady. Qazaq oishyly taǵylymdy ǵumyrynyń sońǵy jyldaryn Shaqpaq degen jerde jalǵyz ótkizgendigi belgili. Osylaisha Shákárim babamyz taǵdyr syilaǵan jyldary barysynda jinaǵan rýhani qazynasyn ońasha otyryp qorytýdy jón kórse, uly Tolstoi da ómiriniń sońǵy kúnderinde jalǵyzdyqty serik etip úiinen ketip qalǵan bolatyn. Adamzattyń barlyǵy teń, olardyń arasyna syzat túsi­retin tek pende boiyndaǵy jat minez ben aram piǵyl ekenin aityp ótken Shákárim Qudaiberdiuly, osyndai gýmanistik ideiala­rymen ózi rýhani ustaz tutqan Tolstoi oilarymen bir arnada túiisip otyrǵan. Qazaq kemeńgeriniń «myltyq bilep turǵanda ádilet joq», «ar túzeitin ǵylym» kerek degen óleń-ideiasy, orys klassiginiń «Evangelie» kita­byn­daǵy «bir betińnen urǵandarǵa ekinshi betińdi de tos» dep kórkem minezdilikke shaqy­ratyn ýaǵyzyn nasihattaýymen únde­sedi. Bul eki oishyldyń adamzattyń bir-birin baýyr kórip, zulymdyq ataýlyǵa toqtaý salýdyń jolyndaǵy gýmanistik rýhani birligin kór­setetin budan bólek ózge de mysaldar je­ter­lik. Qazaq kemeńgeri «Taza din» – «Shataq din» turǵysyndaǵy synshyldyq oilaryn tarqata otyryp, dindi tek qazaqqa ǵana emes, barsha adamzatqa birlik pen bere­keniń, tatýlyqtyń úlgisi retinde usynady:
Eńbekke shyda ebin tap ta,
Sabyrdyń túbi – sary altyn.
Ózimshil bolma, kópti ardaqta,
Adamnyń bári – óz halqyń, –
degen Shákárim joldarynda adamzattyq aýqymnyń ónegesi jatyr. Oishyl aqynnyń adamnyń barlyǵyn qadirlep, gýmanistikke úndegen izgi ideiasyna Tolstoidyń dinniń basty qaǵidaty týraly aitqan myna bir pikiri úilesedi: «Bógde halyqtyń adamdaryn súi, olar tipti kúsh kórsetse de jaqsy­lyq jasa. Nemisterde de, orystarda da Qudai – jalǵyz jáne eshkimdi alalamai jaqsy kóredi; sender de onyń teńdei ul­dary­syńdar, Qudai siiaqty kúlli jurtqa qaiy­rymdy bolyńdar deimin», – degen oiy men «Hristiandar úshin eshqandai kúr­deli metafizika joq jáne bolmaidy da, Hristian ýaǵyzdaryndaǵy metafizika dep ataýǵa bolatyndardyń barlyǵy, bar­sha­ǵa uǵy­nyqty qarapaiym erejeden tu­rady: kúlli adamzat – Táńiriniń perzenti, baýyrlar! Son­­dyqtan olar ákelerin, baýyrlaryn súiýleri tiis. Sol sebepti ózge­ler­­­diń saǵan meiirimmen qaraǵanyn qa­lai­tynyńdai, basqalarǵa da sondai ba­­ýyr­maldyqpen qaraǵanyń jón» degen tereń maǵynaly ýaǵyzy sabaqtasa jal­ǵa­sady.

«Úsh anyq» pen «Krýg chteniia»

Orys oishylynyń úndegen ideialaryna rýhani jaqyn máselelerdi qozǵaityn Shá­kárim qajynyń «Úsh anyq» eńbegi bar. Shá­kárim Qudaiberdiulynyń osy tereń maz­mundy filosofiialyq traktatyn kóp jyldyq oi eńbeginiń jemisi dep qabyldaý kerek. Aqyn bul eńbeginde, «Ómirdiń máni ne?» degen sa­ýalǵa buryndary ótken oishyldardyń pi­kiri men oilaryn, óz zamanyndaǵy qundy kóz­qarastardy biriktirgen bolatyn. Al Tolstoi­dyń osyǵan uqsas «Krýg chteniia» degen eńbegi bar. Bul kitabynda orys kemeńgeri belgili jazýshylar men tulǵalardyń, Konfýtsii men Jan Jak Rýsso sekildi tereń oily filosof­tardyń aqiqat pen ómir týrasyndaǵy oila­rynyń basyn quraǵan. Mine, munyń barlyǵyn da Shákárim men Tolstoi rýhani birligin qýattaityn dáiekti pikirler qataryna jat­qy­zýǵa bolady. Bul rýhani úndestikke Tols­toi­dyń Islam álemimen bailanysy da kórik beredi. Uly abyzdyń kózi tirisinde shirkeýden alastalýy men onyń Islam dinin qabyl­da­ǵandyǵyn jaqtaityn joramaldar az emes. Kemeńgerdiń shirkeýden alastalǵany tarihi dáiektermen rastalǵandyǵy belgili. Tolstoi ómirinde oryn alǵan ózge de shytyrmandarmen qatar, uly jazýshynyń zamanynda shirkeýden alastalǵandyǵy da sansyz saýal týdyryp júrgen úlken bir taqyrypqa ainalyp otyr. Oidy san saqqa júgirtetin mundai pikirler tarazysynyń ekinshi jaǵynda orys oishyly shirkeýden ózi alystaǵan deitin qarama-qaishy pikirler de joq emes. Mundai oi ustanýshylarǵa Pavel Basinskiidiń «Lev Tolstoi: «Begstvo iz raia» atty kitabynda keltirilgen derekter men jazýshynyń pravoslav shirkeýine bailanysty kózqarastary men ideiasy negiz bolǵan sekildi. Pavel Ba­sins­kiidiń atalmysh eńbeginde jazýshynyń jer qoinyna tapsy­rylǵan shaǵyn sýretteitin: «Telo L. N. polojili v dýbovyi grob, bez kres­ta na kryshke», «Tol­stogo horonili, kak on i zaveshal, «bez tserkovnogo penia, bez la­dana», «bez torjestvennyh rechei» degen sóilemder bar. Tols­toidyń pravoslav shir­keýi týrasyndaǵy ótkir pikirleri men bitispes qarsylyǵynyń saldarynan jazýshyny shir­keýden alastaý uiǵarylǵandyǵy belgili. Bul sheshim pravos­lavielik shirkeýdiń bas organy sanalatyn Sinodtyń uiǵarymymen 1901 jyldyń 22 aqpanynda shyǵarylǵan edi. Al jazýshynyń musylmandyqty qabyldaýyna bailanysty pikirler bolǵandyǵyna qara­mas­tan, bul máselede aqiqatty birjaqty kesip aitý qiyn. Islamnyń qaǵidattary izgi usta­nym­dardan turatyndyǵy, jazýshynyń aitqan pikirlerinde ashyq, kúnde kókte oinaityn jasyn­dai anyq aitylǵan. Tols­toidyń musyl­man álemimen tanystyǵy bolǵanyn rastaityn kózi tirisinde aityp ketken Islam jaily pikirleri men onyń ómir jolynyń musylman dúniesimen toǵysqan tustary da jeterlik.

On úshke tolǵanda bolashaq jazýshynyń otbasy san ǵasyrlar boiy musylman qaýymy­nyń mádeni ári rýhani ortalyǵy bolyp kelgen kóne qala Qazanǵa kóshken. Al 1844 jyly Lev Tolstoi Qazan ýniversitetiniń filo­sofiia fakýltetiniń shyǵys tilderi bólimine oqýǵa túsken. Sondai-aq, jazýshynyń keiin osy oqý ornynyń zań fakýltetine aýysqandyǵy da belgili. Mine, osy kezderde orys ǵulamasy Shyǵys álemin jetik biletin ǵalymdardan dáris alyp, arab jáne túrik tilderin úirengen bolatyn. Budan bólek, Tolstoi Kavkazdaǵy Terek ózenine irgeles turǵan kazak stanitsasynda 1851 jyldan bas­tap úsh jyl turdy. Osy aralyqta jazýshy óz erkimen áskeri mindetin ótei júrip, Kav­kazdaǵy áskeri qimyldarǵa da qatysqan. Osylaisha, áskeri boryshyn óteý kezinde Tolstoi taý halqynyń ereksheligimen jaqyn tanysqan. Kemeńger jazýshy osy shaqtarda baiyptaǵan islam dúnietanymy men ómiriniń sol kezdegi bóligine deiin kórip kelgen orys qoǵamyndaǵy salt-dástúr, minez-qulyq erek­shelikterin ishtei salystyrǵan bolatyn. Al Tolstoidyń Kavkazda ótken kúnderi men túigen oiy keiin jazýshynyń «Kazaktar», «Shapqynshylyq», «Ormandy kesý» povesteri men sońǵy eńbeginiń biri bolyp esepteletin «Qajymurat» povesinde sýretteldi.

Kózi tirisinde-aq Batys pen Shyǵysqa bir­dei abyz atanǵan Tolstoidyń Islamǵa qaty­sy týrasynda belgili bir oi aitý úshin, jazý­shynyń musylman qairatkerlerimen bolǵan bailanysyn, sonymen birge, tarihi qujat retinde saqtalǵan hattaryna da súiený qajet. Orys jazýshysymen bailanysta bolǵan tulǵalardyń qatarynda Mahatma Gandi men mysyrlyq Mýhammed Abdony jáne taǵy da basqa oishyldar men musylman aǵartý­shy­laryn keltirýge bolady. Bul oraida sol kezderdegi islam reformatorlarynyń orys oishylyn qanshalyqty qurmettegeni men Tolstoidyń musylman seniminiń izgi qaǵidat­taryn qadirlegenine dálel bolarlyq birne­she tarihi hattardyń birine toqtalyp ótýge tiispiz. Tolstoidyń 1908 jyly R. Elkibaevqa jazǵan hatynda: «Qurmetti baýyrym, Rahmatýlla Minǵaliuly! Men barshaǵa 1881 jyldan keiin jazylǵan shyǵarmalarym men aýdarmalarymdy basyp shyǵarýǵa ruqsatymdy bergenmin. Al, sizdiń maǵan jasaǵan usyny­sy­ńyz úshin úlken alǵysymdy bildirip, qazirgi kúni qolda turǵan eńbekterimdi jiberip otyr­myn. Sonyń ishinen ózińizge unaǵanyn irik­tep alyp, basarsyz. Al, meniń Islam dini týraly ne oilaitynym jaily saýalyńyzǵa kelsek, meniń oiymsha, shynaiy din jalǵyz-aq. Bul shynaiy dinniń aqiqaty adamzatqa áli tolyq ashylǵan joq, biraq onyń keibir bó­likteri barlyq dinderde baiqalady. Adam­zattyń búkil damýy osy shynaiy dindi túsindirý ainalasyna kelip toptasady. Sol sebepti aqi­qatty súiýshilerdiń bári dinderdegi aiyr­mashylyqtardy emes, olardaǵy bir­lik pen shyndyqqa laiyqty pálsapa­lardy izdeýi qajet. Sondyqtan men barlyq din­derge, so­nyń ishinde ózime jaqsy tanys Islamǵa qa­tysty da dál osy áreketterdi jú­zege asy­rýǵa tyrysýdamyn».

Bul hattyń maz­mu­nyn­da ja­zýshynyń Islamdy qas­terleitini jáne bul senim týrasynda aitar­lyqtai bilimi bolǵany kórinip tur. Sondai-aq, ol áldebir shynaiy dinniń ba­ryn jáne onyń aqiqaty men syry áli ashylmaǵanyn da aitqan. Mine, tereń oily kemeńgerdiń osy sózderi onyń Hristian senimine kózqarasy men Islamdy qabyl­da­ǵandyǵy tóńiregindegi joramal­dardyń oi arnasyna durys baǵyt berýi tiis dep oilaimyz. Qalai bolǵanda da, uly jazýshy óziniń qaitalanbas shyǵarmalary men gýmanistik ideialary arqyly barsha adamzattyń birlikte bolýyn kóksedi. Abyz Tolstoidyń pendeni durys joldan taidyryp, aqiqattan adastyratyn zulymdyq pen ádiletsizdik ataýlyǵa tusaý bolarlyq áldebir haq jolyn izdegeni anyq. Adamzatqa izgilik ilimin úndep ótken ózge de «tańdaýlylar» sekildi, bul aqiqat jolyn bizdiń Shákárim babamyz da ańsaǵan edi. Óziniń tereń mazmundy pálsapalyq oilarynyń altyn qazyǵy bolǵan «Ar ilimi» ideiasymen, Shákárim Qudaiberdiuly Tolstoi bastaǵan ulylar shoǵyrynan ózine laiyq oryn aldy dep oilaimyz. Joǵaryda keltirgen derektermen eki oishyldyń arasyndaǵy bailanysqa taǵy bir márte nazar aýdaryp, osy arqyly Tolstoidyń Islam álemimen qatynasyn shama-sharqymyzsha zerdeleýge tyrysqan bolatynbyz. Al, adamzatqa úlken ósiet qaldyryp ketken Shákárim men Tolstoi arasyndaǵy máńgilik rýhani úndestiktiń taǵylymy mol ekeni sózsiz.

Murat Muqashuly,

«Qazaq ádebieti» gazeti