Kollajdy jasaǵan Almas MANAP, «EQ»
Túrkistan oblysy halqy tyǵyz ári kóp ornalasqan óńirlerdiń biri. Memlekettiń saiasaty Ońtústikten – Soltústikke kóshirý jáne ol jaqta barynsha qazaqtandyrýǵa tyrysyp baǵýda. Árine memlekettik baǵdarlamalardyń da tiimdiligin atai ketkenimiz jón. Aimaqtardyń ekonomikalyq damýynyń birqalypty bolmaýy ishki kóshi-qonnyń artýyna yqpal etýde. Selo men shaǵyn qalalardaǵy jumys oryndarynyń bolmaýy jáne áleýmettik infraqurylymnyń tómen deńgeii aýyl turǵyndarynyń ishki kóshi-qony men qalalarǵa jylystaýynyń negizgi sebepterine ainalyp otyr kóship-qonýshylar úshin barynsha tartymdy qala. Ishki jáne sheteldik investitsiialarmen qatar ózge de ekonomikalyq múmkindikterdiń joǵary deńgeii, bos jumys oryndarynyń jalpy kóbeiýi eldiń ózge aimaqtarynan kóship-qonýshylardyń kóbirek kelýine sebep bolyp otyr, – dep jazady Ult.kz.
Jumys izdep kelgen kóship-qonýshylardyń zańdy túrde jumysqa turý men turǵyn úi alý múmkindikteri shekteýli. Nátijesinde ainalasynda turǵyndary turǵylyqty jeri boiynsha tirkelmegen, óz turǵyn úiine qatysty menshik quqyǵy joq, sapaly kommýnaldyq jáne áleýmettik qyzmetterge qol jetkize almaityn jáne negizinen ekonomikanyń beiresmi sektorynda jumys isteitin birqatar iri eldimekender (yqshamaýdandar) quryldy. Ishki kóshi-qon máselesin zertteý ekonomikalyq damý saiasaty men strategiiasyn ázirleý úshin qajet.
Ishki kóship-qonýshylardyń basym bóligin jastar quraidy. Osy jaǵdaida jastar men jastardyń kóshi-qon máselesine jetkilikti kóńil bólinbeýde. Jumyspen qamtý, tabys, aqsha jinaqtaý, shyǵyndar, bilim alý men densaýlyq saqtaýǵa qol jetkizý jastarǵa qatysty ekonomikalyq máselelerdi qamtysa, birge turý, neke, ajyrasý, týylý, genderlik teńdik, qylmys pen top arasyndaǵy qatynastar jastardyń áleýmettik máselelerin qamtidy.
HKQU ishki kóshi-qondy jańa ýaqytsha nemese turaqty turatyn turǵylyqty jerin anyqtaýdy kózdeitin memleket shegindegi adamdardyń jyljýy dep anyqtaidy. Memleketishilik kóshiqonda aimaqishilik (aýdanishilik) kóshi-qon belgilenedi, olar belgili bir ákimshilik-aýmaqtyq (aýdan, oblys, respýblika, okrýga jáne t.b.) jáne aimaqaralyq (aýdanaralyq) migratsii birlikterdiń shekaralarynda júzege asyrylady. Atalmysh kóshýler eldiń jalpy halyq sanyna áser etpeidi, biraq el ishinde halyqtyń ornalasýyn ózgertedi.
Sonymen qatar, tsikldyq kóshiqon baǵdarlamalaryn ázirleýde erekshe saqtyq tanytqan jón, sebebi kóshi-qonnyń osy nysany turaqty kelý nysandary jáne uzaq merzimdi biriktirý nysandary jumys berýshilerdiń de, eńbekshi-migranttardyń da qajettilikterine jaqsy sáikes kele alatyn uzaq merzimdi qurylymdyq tapshylyǵy bar eńbek naryǵy sektorlary úshin ońtaily sheshim bola alady. Tsikldyq kóshi-qondy qorshaǵan ortanyń jaǵdaiyn nasharlatý jáne klimattyń ózgerýi saldarlaryn jeńý strategiialary retinde de paidalanýǵa bolady. Osylaisha, tsikldyq kóshiqon syzbalarynyń klimattyń ózgerýimen qozǵalǵan qaýymnyń turaqtylyǵyn arttyrýǵa jáne jergilikti biýdjetterdi tolyqtyrýǵa arnalǵan tiimdi tásil bolýy múmkin.16 Qysqa merzimdi kóshi-qon túrleriniń ishinde mynalardy belgileýge bolady: Epizodtyq kóshi-qondar ártúrli baǵyttar boiynsha jáne ýaqyt boiynsha turaqty emes jasalatyn resmi, rekreatsiialyq nemese ózge saparlardy (issaparlardy, demalysty jáne t.b.) qamtidy. Barys-kelis kóshi-qon óziniń eldi mekeniniń sheginen tys oqý nemese jumys ornyna turaqty saparlarymen bailanysty. Olardyń sany qazirgi sharttarda, sonyń ishinde kóliktik infraquralymdy damytý sebebi boiynsha artady. Maýsymdyq kóshi-qondarǵa halyqtyń jyldyń belgili bir kezeńi ishinde kóship-qonýy tán. Mysaly, kýrorttyq aýdandarǵa demalysqa nemese aýyl sharýashylyq jumystaryna jazǵy saparlar. BUU «maýsymdyq eńbekshi-migrant» túsinigin paidalanady – bul jumysy nemese kóshi-qony jyldyń bir bóligi ishinde júzege asyrylatyn jáne óziniń sipaty boiynsha maýsymdyq sharttarǵa bailanysty migrant.17 Keide kóshi-qonnyń ýaqytsha nysandary memleket shekaralarynyń qiylysýymen bailanysty. Bundai jaǵdaida ýaqytsha shekara mańyndaǵy kóshi-qon – basqa elge jumysqa kúndelikti nemese maýsymdyq saparlar jáne «shekara mańy maýsymdyq jumysshylary», «jumys-frontalerleri» anyqtamalarynyń túsinigi paidalanylady.
Barlyq eńbekshi-migranttar jáne olardyń otbasy músheleriniń quqyqtaryn qorǵaý týraly halyqaralyq konventsiiaǵa sáikes: «rettelmegen mártebesi bar migrant – ádettegi jaǵdaida kóship-qonatyn nemese halyqaralyq shekarany qiyp ótken jáne osy memlekettiń zańnamasyna jáne osy memleket qatysýshysy bolyp tabylatyn halyqaralyq kelisimderge sáikes memleketke kirý nemese qalý quqyǵy joq adam». Rettelmegen jaǵdaidyń ózinde migranttar adamnyń óziniń quqyqtaryn júzege asyrýǵa jáne qurmettelýine, qorǵalýyna quqyly.
Kóshi-qon maqsattary, olar ekonomikalyq (jumys, kommertsiialyq qyzmet), áleýmettik (oqý, neke, otbasyna qosylý), saiasi (baspana), ekologiialyq (klimattyq sharttardy aýystyrý, ekologiialyq jaǵdai) bolýy múmkin. Ekonomikalyq kóshi-qonnyń barynsha keńinen taralǵan nysany qazirgi ýaqytta eńbek kóshiqony bolyp tabylady. HKQU tásiline sáikes: «Eńbek kóshi-qony – adamdardyń bir memleketten ekinshisine nemese óziniń eliniń sheginde jumysqa ornalasý maqsatymen kóship-qonýy».
