Qazaqstannyń qupiia qyzmet basshylary

Álemde birde bir memleket arnaýly qyzmetsiz ómir súre almaidy. Qaýipsizdik organdary – árqashan memlekettik qurylymdarǵa senimdi qyzmet etetin arnaiy qupiia uiym. Keńes zamanyndaǵy qazaqstandyq qaýipsizdik organdary qalai jumys istedi? Qurylymy qandai boldy? Olardyń basshylary týraly ne bilemiz?

1917 jyldyń qazanynda Re­seide memlekettik tóńkeris bolyp, bilik basyna bol­she­vik­ter par­tiiasy keldi. Jańa óki­mettiń ózin­dik bilik organ­dary bolatyny belgili. Osy jyldyń jeltoqsa­nynda Halyq komis­sarlary keńe­siniń qaýly­sy­men kontrrevoliýtsiia jáne sabotaj­ben kúres maqsatynda Búkilre­seilik Tótenshe komitet quryl­dy. Ony halqymyz «VChK» (Vse­soiýznyi chrezvychainyi ko­mi­tet) degen atpen jaqsy biledi.

«VChK» qyzmetkerleri Keńes ókimetine qarsy tulǵalarmen ymy­rasyz kúres júrgizdi. Sol se­bepti bul mekemeniń Keńes óki­metiniń ornyǵýynda ózindik orny bar. Onyń birinshi tóraǵasy bo­lyp F.Dzerjinskii ta­ǵa­iyn­daldy. Osy laýazymda ol 1922 jyldyń 6 aqpanyna de­­iin qyzmet etti. Ataqty re­vol­iýtsiia sarbazy qaýip­sizdik or­gan­darynyń negizin qalap, onyń mindetteri men bolashaǵyn ai­qyn­dap berdi.

1922 jyldyń 6 aqpanynda Mem­lekettik saiasi basqarma (el aýzynda «OGPÝ» dep te atalady) qurý týraly qaýly qabyldandy. Ol 1923 jyly Birikken mem­lekettik saiasi basqarma KSRO Halyq komissarlary keńesi qu­ramynda uiymdastyryldy. Dzerjinskii osy qupiia qyzmetti ómiriniń sońyna deiin basqardy. Ornyna V.Menjinskii ta­ǵaiyn­dalyp, 1934 jylǵa deiin qyzmet etti.

«VChK»-nyń qazaq jerindegi ókiletti ýákili kimder edi? 1921 jyldyń sáýirinen osy jyl­dyń qarashasyna deiin Ivan Dani­lovskii basqardy. Qaýip­sizdik salasynda qyzmet etken jyldary Qazaqstan aýmaǵynan basqa Gomel gýber­niia­sy Tóten­she komitetiniń tóraǵasy jáne Tatar oblysy GPÝ basshysy boldy. 1921-1922 jyl­dary bul qyzmetke Grigorii Mo­roz keldi. Ol Qazan revoliýtsiia­synan keiin qaýip­sizdik organda­ryndaǵy jumysy­men qosa, ár kezderi partiia jáne kásipodaq uiym­da­rynda qyz­met­­ter atqardy. 1937 jyly qamaýǵa alynyp, atý jazasyna kesildi.

1922-1928 jyldary Ivan Ka­shi­rin tóraǵa boldy. Ol da Keńes úkimetine qarsy terro­ris­tik uiym qurdy degen aiyp taǵylyp, 1937 jyly atyldy. 1928-1930 jyl­dary bul orynǵa nemis ulty­nyń ókili Nikolai Vollenberg jaiǵasty. Birinshi dúniejúzilik soǵysqa qatysqan. Belorýssiia­daǵy qyzyl áskerdi uiymdas­tyrýshylardyń biri. Shetelde diplomatiialyq laýa­zym­da qyz­met atqaryp júrgen ýaqytynda densaýlyǵyna bai­lanysty Más­keýge oralyp, 1937 jyly qaitys bolǵan.

1930-1931 jyldary joǵaryda atalǵan Ivan Danilovskii qaita basshylyq etti. 1934 jyldyń shildesindegi KSRO Ortalyq at­qarý komitetiniń qaýlysyna sái­kes, memlekettik qaýipsizdik or­gan­dary Ishki ister halyq komis­sariaty quramyna enedi. Ony halqymyz «NKVD» degen atpen jaqsy biledi.

V.Menjinskii qaitys bol­ǵannan keiin OGPÝ, al keiin­nen NKVD jumysyn 1934-1936 jyl­dar aralyǵynda G.Iagoda, al 1936-1938 jyldary NKVD organ­daryn N.Ejov basqardy. Ejovtan keiin NKVD organdaryna 1945 jylǵa deiin L.Beriia basshylyq qyldy.

Bizdiń elidegi jaǵdaiǵa keletin bolsaq, Qazaq SSR Ishki ister halyq komissariaty 1937 jyl­dyń 7 qańtarynda qu­­ryldy. 1931-1935 jyldar aralyǵynda Qazaqstan aimaǵy boiynsha Bú­kilreseilik tótenshe komitettiń ókiletti ýákili, keiin Qazaq ASSR Ishki ister halyq komissary mindetterin Vasilii Karýtskii atqarǵan. Alǵashqyda Kolchak armiiasynyń mýzykalyq koman­dasynda mobilizatsiia boiynsha qyzmet etip, keiinnen parti­zandar jaǵyna qashyp ótken. Qaýipsizdik organdarynda 3-dá­rejeli memlekettik qaýipsizdik komissary laýazymyna deiin ósken. 1938 jyly Máskeýdegi Bot­kin aýrýhanasynda ózin-ózi atyp óltirgen degen málimet bar.

Budan keiin Qazaq SSR-i Ishki ister halyq komissary min­det­terin birneshe adam atqardy. Onyń alǵashqysy – 1935-1938 jyldary basshylyq etken Lev Zalin (Levin Zelman). Birinshi dúniejúzilik so­ǵysqa qatysýshy. Nemister tylynda astyrtyn ju­mys jasap, partizan otriadtaryn uiymdastyrǵan. 1938 jyly qa­maýǵa alynyp, 1940 jyly atý jazasyna kesildi. 1938-1939 jyl­dary Stanislav Redens keldi. Ol da 1938 jyly qamaýǵa alynyp, 1940 jyly atý jazasyna kesildi. 1939-1940 jyldary qupiia qyz­metti Se­men Býrdakov basqardy. N.Tol­machev atyndaǵy Petrograd qyzyl ásker ýniversitetin bi­tirdi. Qyzyl ásker jáne qa­ýip­sizdik organda­ryndaǵy qyz­meti aralyǵynda qatar­daǵy jaýyn­gerden general-leite­nant dáre­jesine deiin ósti.

1941 jyldyń 3 aqpa­­nyn­da KSRO Joǵarǵy ke­ńe­si Pre­zi­diýmynyń Qaý­ly­­symen Ishki ister halyq komis­saria­ty­men qatar, KSRO Mem­le­ket­tik qaýip­sizdiginiń halyq komissariatyn (NKGB) qurý týraly sheshim qa­byl­danyp, bul jańa qurylǵan mekemeni V.Mer­kýlov basqarady.

Uly Otan soǵysy bastal­ǵan­nan keiin 1941 jylǵy 20 shil­dedegi KSRO Joǵarǵy keńesi Prezidiý­mynyń Qaýlysymen NKVD jáne NKGB L.Beriia basqarǵan ortaq KSRO Ishki ister halyq komissa­riatyna birikti­rildi. 1943 jyldyń 14 sáýi­rinde KSRO Joǵarǵy keńesi Prezi­diýmy sheshimimen V.Mer­kýlov basshylyq etken Memle­kettik qaýipsizdik halyq komis­sariaty (NKGB) qaita quryldy. 1946 jyldan bastap «narko­mattar» men ministrlikter qu­rylǵannan keiin, Memlekettik qa­ýipsizdik mi­nistri bolyp V.Abakýmov taǵaiyn­dalady. Ta­rihtan jaqsy biletini­mizdei, joǵaryda attary atalǵan Iago­da, Ejov, Beriia, Merkýlov, Abaký­mov­tar qyz­metterinde óres­kel qatelikter jiberdi. «Zań­dy aiaqas­ty etti» degen taǵy da bas­qa túrli aiyp­taýlarǵa ushyrap, so­ńynan atý jazasyna kesildi.

Osy kezeńderde Qazaqstanda qandai taǵaiyndaýlar boldy? 1940-1944 jyldary Qazaq SSR memle­kettik qaýipsizdiginiń Ha­lyq ko­missary bolyp Aleksei Babkin taǵaiyndalady. Babkin­niń qa­tar­­daǵy jaýyngerden general-leite­nant ataǵyna deiin ósýi – onyń Keńes Odaǵyn nyǵaitý jolyndaǵy janqiiarlyq qyzmet jolynan syr shertip turǵandyǵy anyq. Sonymen qa­tar birqatar joǵarǵy memle­kettik nagradalary da bar ekendigin aita ketý kerek.

1944-1945 jyldary bul qyz­­metke Sergei Ogoltsov taǵa­iyn­daldy. Ol qaýipsizdik organ­darynda qyzmet etken ýaqytynda general-leitenant áskeri ata­ǵy jáne KSRO Memlekettik qaýip­sizdik ministri­niń birinshi oryn­basary, KSRO Mem­lekettik qaýip­sizdik ministri­niń Bas bar­laý bas­qar­masynyń bastyǵy laýazym­daryna deiin kóterildi.

1946-1951 jyldary Qazaq SSR-i Memlekettik qaýipsizdik ministri bolyp Aleksei Byzov taǵaiyndalady. Ol Qazaqstanmen qatar, Resei, Ýkraina, Tatarstan jáne Ózbekstan qaýipsizdik organdarynda basshylyq laýa­zymdarda qyzmet atqarǵan. 1960 jyly memlekettik qaýip­siz­dik komissary, general-ma­ior ata­ǵynda zeinetke shyq­­ty. 1951-1953 jyldary Pa­vel Fitin keldi. Keńestik saiasi barlaýdyń kórnekti bas­shy­larynyń biri. General-leitenant ataǵyna deiin jetken. Uly Otan soǵysy jyl­darynda syrt­qy barlaýdy bas­qara oty­ryp, nemis basshyly­ǵy­nyń pi­ǵyl­dary týraly aqparat­pen el bas­shylyǵyn qamtamasyz etý jo­lynda úlken eńbek atqar­ǵan. 1953-1959 jyl­dary Vladi­mir Gýbin jaiǵasty. Qaýip­siz­dik organdaryndaǵy qyzmeti ara­ly­ǵynda general-leitenant ata­ǵyna deiin kóterildi. 1948-1951 jyldary Qazaq SSR ishki ister ministri bolyp qyzmet atqarǵan. 1959-1960 jyldary Konstantin Lýnev otyrdy. Ol qyzmettik jo­lynda KSRO IIM ministriniń birinshi orynbasary jáne KSRO MQK Tóraǵasynyń orynbasary laýazymdarynda bolǵan. Beriia isi boiynsha sot úrdisine qa­tysqan.

1960-1963 jyldary Qazaqstan MQK tóraǵasy qyzmetine Áý­bá­kir Arystanbekov keldi. Ol – qazaqtan shyqqan tuńǵysh qaýip­sizdik qyzmet basshysy, general-maior. Á.Arys­tanbekov 1930 jyly memlekettik qaýip­siz­dik organdaryna, atap aitsaq Birik­ken memlekettik saiasi basqarmaǵa (OGPÝ) shaqyrylady. Uly Otan soǵysy jyldarynda Arystan­bekov barlaý bólimshesin basqar­ǵan ýaqytynda jaý ja­ǵy­na ótip, birqatar barlaý tap­syr­malaryn oryndaǵan. 1944-1956 jyldar ara­­lyǵynda Qa­zaq­stannyń Jam­byl, Semei, Ońtústik Qazaq­stan, Qaraǵandy oblystarynyń mem­lekettik qa­ýip­­sizdik basqarma­laryn bas­qardy. 1956 jyly gene­ral-maior Á.Arystanbekov Qazaq SSR-i MQQ tóraǵasynyń birinshi oryn­­basary, al 1960 jyly osy me­ke­meniń basshysy bolyp, atalǵan laýazymda zei­netke shyq­qansha qyzmet etti. 1970 jyly qai­tys boldy.

1963-1975 jyldary bul qyz­metke Georgii Evdokimenko keldi. 1939 jyly IIHK (NKVD) qyzmetke jiberilgen. Uly Otan soǵysy kezin­de ózge qyzmetteri­men qatar, Sol­tústik Kavkaz, Primorsk ar­miiasy men Baltyq jaǵalaýy maidany «SMERSh» qarsy barlaý bólimshe­lerin basqarǵan. General-leitenant G.Evdokimenko Qaýip­sizdik or­gandaryndaǵy qyz­metimen qatar, KSRO Joǵarǵy keńesiniń eki shaqy­ry­lymynda depýtattyqqa sailanǵan. 1975-1982 jyldary Vasilii Shev­chen­ko basqardy. Ol Qazaq qaýipsizdik organdarymen qatar, Tájik SSR-i MQK bas­shysy jáne KSRO Joǵarǵy Keńesiniń eki shaqyrylymyna depýtat bolyp sailandy. Sony­men qatar 1982-1989 jyldar ara­lyǵynda KSRO MQK Almatylyq joǵa­ry kýrsta­rynyń bastyǵy bol­ǵan. General V.Shevchenko 1989 jyl­dary zei­netke shyǵyp, ómiriniń sońyna deiin ulttyq qaýipsizdik organdary Arda­gerler keńesiniń qyzmetine belsene qatysqan.

1982-1986 jyldary tó­raǵa oryntaǵyna Zaqash Qamali­de­nov otyrdy. Qaýipsizdik or­gan­da­ryndaǵy qyzmetimen qatar, Qa­zaq SSR-i Joǵarǵy ke­ńe­si­niń depý­taty, 1988 jyly Qa­­­­zaq SSR-i Jo­ǵarǵy keńesi Pre­­­z­idiýmynyń Tóraǵasy, Qazaq SSR-i Kommý­nistik par­tiiasy Ortalyq komiteti biý­rosy­nyń múshesi bolǵan. «Zavetam Leni­na verny» (1974), «Vernyi pomosh­nik partii» (1978) kitaptarynyń avtory. Áskeri ataǵy – general-maior. 1988 jyly zeinetke shyq­qan. 1986 jyldan 1990 jyldyń sá­ýi­­rine deiin Qazaqstan MQK-in Viktor Miroshnik basqardy. 1970 jyldan bastap qaýipsizdik or­gan­darynda qyzmette. Osy salada Qazaqstan­men qatar, Túrkimenstan SSR-i Charjoý oblysy boiynsha MQKB bastyǵy jáne Reseide bir­qa­tar basshy qyzmetterde bolǵan. Ás­keri ata­ǵy – general-maior.

1990 jyldyń naýryzynan 1991 jyldyń qazanyna deiin Nikolai Vdovin keldi. Ol Qazaq SSR-i MQK tóraǵasy bolar aldynda Kýrsk oblysy, sonymen qatar Qazaq SSR-niń Semei, Shyǵys Qa­zaqstan oblystarynyń memle­kettik qaýip­sizdik komiteti bas­qaramalaryna jetekshilik etken. Keńes Odaǵy ydy­ra­ǵan­nan keiin Reseidiń qaýip­sizdik sala­synda birqatar jaýapty qyz­metterde bolyp, 2007 jyly zei­netke shyqqan.

1991 jyldyń qazany men jel­toq­sany aralyǵynda Qazaq SSR-i MQK tóraǵasy bop gene­ral-maior Bolat Baekenov ta­ǵaiyndalady. 1973 jyldan bas­tap KSRO jáne Qazaqstan qaýipsizdik organda­rynda qyzmet etken. B.Baekenov 1991 jyldyń jeltoqsanynan Qazaqstan Res­pýb­likasy MQK tóraǵasy, al 1992 jyldyń shilde­sinen 1993 jyldyń jeltoqsany aralyǵynda táýelsiz Qazaqstan Respýblikasy Ulttyq qaýipsizdik komitetiniń tóraǵasy laýazymynda bolady. Sonymen qatar ol – óziniń eńbek jolynda Qaýipsizdik keńesiniń hatshysy, Ishki ister mi­nistri, Prezidenttiń Kúzet qyz­metiniń bastyǵy mindetterin atqar­ǵan bel­gili memleket qairatkeri.

Búgingi tańda táýelsizdikke qol jetip, tarihqa degen kózqa­ras óz­gerdi. Qazaqstandyq ulttyq qa­ýipsizdik organdarynyń qa­zir­gi qyzmetkerleri saiasi qý­ǵyn-súrgin qurbandarynyń shek­­­telgen quqyq­tary men múd­de­lerin qalpyna kel­tirýdi, ja­­riia­lylyq pen qoǵammen aradaǵy bailanysty keńeitýdi ózderiniń boryshy dep sanaidy.

1992 jyldyń 13 shildesinde Elba­symyzdyń jarlyǵymen Qa­zaqstan Respýblikasy Ulttyq qaýipsizdik komiteti qurylyp, sodan beri egemendi elimizdiń qaýipsizdik organdarynyń jańa tarihy bastaldy. Qaýipsizdik komi­tetiniń negizgi qundy­lyq­tary – adam, qoǵam jáne mem­leket qaýip­­sizdigin qamta­masyz etý. Keńes­tik kezeńde qaýipsizdik organ­darynda qyzmet etken ardager-chekister qazir de qa­tarda, olar ulttyq rýhty kú­sheitip, qazaq­standyq patrio­tizmdy nasihattaý maqsatynda aianbai qyzmet etip keledi.

Aǵybai ESENDÁÝLETOV,
UQK qyzmetkeri