«Jaqsy zańyń bolǵansha, jaqsy dástúriń bolsyn»
Salt-dástúr – ár ulttyń, halyqtyń dini men senimine, turmys-tirshiligine, ulttyq qurylym ereksheligine sáikes ǵasyrlar boiy jinaqtalyp, ómirdiń ózi týǵyzǵan ǵuryptardyń jiyntyǵy; qaýym men qoǵamda qalyptasqan minez-qulyqtyń úlgileri. Kúndelikti qoldanysta bir mádeni topty ekinshisinen aiyratyn jáne beiresmi jolmen retteitin qabyldanǵan minez-kulyq erejesine nemese áleýmettik áreketterdi jónge keltiretin terminge jatady .
Salt-dástúr ult úshin ómir súrý qaǵidasy, qoǵam zańy bolyp negizdelip, sana, taǵylym, tárbie, tirshilik erejesi retinde el zerdesine rýhani bailyq – ónege tájiribesin quraǵan. Bul talaptar men erejelerdi halyq buljytpai oryndaýmen birge ony qurmettemegen, saqtamaǵan adamdardy sol zań negizinde jazalap ta otyrǵan. Ótken zamanda qazaq qoǵamy úshin salt-dástúr buljymas zań rólin atqardy. Mysaly, toi, naýryz kóje, qyz uzatý, qonaǵasy, shashý, erýlik ata salty bolyp sanalady. Salt-dástúrdiń el arasyndaǵy tálimdik, tárbielik, halyqtyq máni zor. Halyqtyń atadan balaǵa kóship, damyp otyratyn tarihi-áleýmettik, mádeni-turmystyq, kásiptik, salt-sana, minez-qulyq, tálim-tárbie jáne rýhani is-áreketiniń kórinisi dástúr arqyly tanylady. Salt-dástúr bailyǵy – mádeniettiń bailyǵy. Mysaly, ata-anany, úlkendi qurmetteý, baiǵazy, kórimdik, súiinshi, káde suraý, sálem berý, at tergeý, qurdastyq qaljyń, t.b. salt-dástúrge jatady. Qazaq halqy salt-dástúrge bai. Ádet, ǵuryp, ishara, yrym, tyiym, daǵdy bári osy salt-dástúr kórinisi .
Árbir halyqtyń ádet-ǵurpy bar
Árbir órkeniettiń, árbir ulttyń ózindik dúnietanymy bar. Túrli halyqtardyń tarihyn zerttegen ǵalymdar jer betinde eshqashan dinsiz, nanym-senimsiz el bolmaǵandyǵyna anyq kóz jetkizdi.
Adamzat túrli halyqtardan, ult pen ulystan turady. Árqaisysynyń ózine tán ulttyq erekshelikteri, tili men dástúri, dini nanymdary bar. Mundai alýan túrlilik Alla Taǵalanyń hikmeti.
Jaratqan Ie bylai deidi: «Ái, adam balasy! Shúbásyz, senderdi bir er, bir áielden (Adam men Haýadan) jarattyq. Sondai-aq bir-birińdi tanýlaryń úshin senderdi ulttar, rýlar qyldyq. Shynynda, Allanyń qasynda eń ardaqtylaryń – taqýalaryń. Sháksiz, Alla tolyq bilýshi, ár nárseden habar alýshy» . Osy aiatqa zer salsaq, mynadai qorytyndy shyǵaramyz. Qudai Taǵala adamzatty túrli ulttarǵa bir-birlerin tanýlary úshin bólgen. Bir-birin tanýy arqyly olar ózderin tanidy, al ózderin tanýlary arqyly Jaratýshyny tanidy. Jer betindegi qanshama milliondaǵan adamdardyń túbi – bir, barlyǵy Adam atadan taraidy. Sondyqtan da musylmandar basqa ulttardy kórgende sharapatty aiat-hadisterge súienip: «Bárimizdiń tegimiz – Adam ata, al onyń tegi – topyraq», – dep aitady.
Adamzattyń Alla Taǵalanyń aldyndaǵy eń qadirli toby bolyp sanalatyn musylman úmbetiniń ózi neshe túrli ult-ulystardan quralǵan. Paiǵambar (s.a.s.) arabtan bolyp, Quran arabsha tústi degenmen musylmandardyń barlyǵy arabtar emes. Kerisinshe, qazirde arabtar musylmandardyń azǵantai bóligi bolyp sanalady. Álemde eki milliardqa jýyq musylman bar desek, sonyń úsh júz milliondaiy ǵana arabtar. Al bir Úndistannyń ózinde úsh júz millionǵa jýyq musylman bar.
Endi osy musylman halyqtarynyń árbiriniń turǵan jerine, aimaǵyna qarai ózine tán násildik, tildik, ulttyq erekshelikteri bar. Biraq barlyǵynyń dini, tanymdyq tuǵyry bir bolǵandyqtan salt-dástúrleri, mádenieti uqsas bolyp keledi. Óitkeni báriniń nanym-tanymy Quran men hadiske negizdelgen.
Ornalasqan ortasyna, tabiǵatyna qarai árbir musylman halqynyń ózindik aiyrma belgileri, mádenieti, tili bar. Shariǵat bul aiyrmashylyqtardy teriske shyǵarmaidy. Kerisinshe, zamany men mekenine qarai pátýalardyń ózgerýi múmkindigin eskertedi.
Musylman halyqtarynyń salt-dástúrleriniń bári birdei shariǵat sharttaryna sai kele bermeidi. Olardyń arasynda nadandyq dáýirden qalǵan, musylmanshylyqpen qabyspaityn sarqynshaqtar da bolýy yqtimal.
Dástúrdi teriske shyǵarý – adasýshylyq
Musylman shariǵatynda adamdardyń erkine qaldyrǵan mýbah iaki erikti ister bar. Mysaly, toilardy, meiramdardy ótkizý joldary, salt-joralǵylary árbir halyqta árkelki. Olardyń bárin shariǵatqa sai kelmeidi dep aitýǵa bolmaidy. Kerisinshe, olar árbir musylman halqynyń ǵulamalarynyń kóz aldynda ári olardyń quptaýymen san ǵasyrlardan beri atqarylyp kele jatqan ǵuryptar. Sondai ulttyq erekshelikterge, tildik erekshelikterge qarsy shyǵý, olardy dál arabtardikindei etýge tyrysý baryp turǵan nadandyq. Óitkeni adamzattyń ult-ulysqa bólinýi atalmysh aiatta aitylǵandai Jaratqannyń Óz jaratylysyna bekitip bergen myzǵymas zańy. Al jaratylystyq qaǵidaǵa qarsy shyǵý qasańdyqqa shaldyqqan shala saýattylardyń isi.
Qazirgi qazaq qoǵamyndaǵy dini bilimge degen qushtarlyq ásirese jastardyń arasynda basym. Ári meshitke kelýshilerdiń negizgi bóligi de solar. Sondai-aq, naqtyly dini bilim alǵandardyń kópshiligi jastar. Al jastar ǵumyrlyq tájiribesi az bolǵandyqtan ózim bilemdikke salynyp, maksimalistik kóńil-kúige boi aldyryp kóptegen qatelikterge urynady. Jasyna jetpei sheih atanýǵa qulshynady. Quran men hadistiń negizgi murattaryn túsinbei, qatelikterge jol beredi. Naqtyly úkimderdi qamtityn mýhkam dárejesindegi aiattardy ysyryp qoiyp, qoǵamda jańalyq ashýdy kózdegendei ekinshi dárejeli uqsas uǵymdy mýtashabih dárejesindegi aiattardy alǵa shyǵaryp, ǵalymdar arasynda túrli kózqaras týdyrǵan máselelerdi kóterip, daý-damai týǵyzyp jatady. Mundai keleńsizdikterdiń basty sebebi dini bilimge ie bolǵandardyń shala saýattylyǵy nemese albyrttyq kóńil-kúileri. Naq sondailardyń arasynda óz ultynyń talai ǵasyrlardan beri qalyptasqan qundylyqtaryn, mádeni muralaryn, tipti, tarihy men qazirgi bolmysyn joqqa shyǵaratyndar da tabylady. Eger olar shariǵat sharttaryn tereń túsinse, ondai adasýshylyqqa barmas edi.
Sonymen qatar din salasynda tájiribeli, bilimdi dep esepteletin keibir dindarlardyń ózi dinge bolysýdyń jóni osy eken dep, qazaqsha birdeńe jazǵanda arab, túrik sózderin qaz-qalpynda jazady. Mysaly, qazaqtar Júsip, Jaqiia, Júnis deýge úirengen áý basta bar esimderdi arab tilindegi qalpynda Iýsýf, Iahiia, Iýnýs dep beredi. Osyndai qylyqtary arqyly olar eki túrli qatelikke boi aldyrady. Birinshisi – din muratyn jańsaq túsiný. Islam dini ulttyq erekshelikterdi joiýǵa, árbir tildiń tabiǵi zańdylyqtaryn mansuq etýge múlde shaqyrǵan emes ári shaqyrmaidy da. Kerisinshe, árbir eldiń ózine tán jaǵymdy ádet-ǵuryptary men qalyptasqan zańdylyqtarynyń saqtalýyna erekshe mán beredi. Olardyń ekinshi qateligi óz halqynyń tarihy men dilinen, tili men rýhani áleminen beihabar bolýy. Sondyqtan ultymyzdyń genetikalyq jadynda ǵasyrlardan beri saqtalyp kele jatqan ózindik bolmysyn, dástúri men mádenietiniń tamyryna balta shabady. Qazaq tiline arab ne túrik tiliniń zańdylyqtaryn ákep tyqpalap, taza qainarynyń tunyǵyn lailaidy. Sóitip, qazaq tiliniń emlesi men grammatikasyna «erekshe jańalyq» engizgisi keledi. Ári solaryn úlken abyroi, bilimpazdyq dep tanidy. Budan asqan birbetkeilik joq. Dinniń shariǵatqa qaishy kelmeitin ulttyq ádet-ǵurypty, tildik erekshelikterdi teriske shyǵarmaitynyna qaramastan, olardy mansuq etýge tyrysý naǵyz máńgúrttiń áreketi. Sondailardyń qazaq aqyn-jyraýlarynyń dini taqyryptaǵy óleńderin «óz emlelerine», «senimderine» sai etip óńin ózgertip jazatyndaryna da kýá bolyp júrmiz. Alla Taǵala olarǵa týra jol, tereńirek bilim násip etsin.
Sonymen qatar, qazirgi qazaq qoǵamynda halqymyzdyń dástúri men tarihyn, tildik ereksheligin mansuq etetin, ne jartylai moiyndamaityn nigilistermen birge ádet-ǵurypty, qazaqshylyqty qorǵaýdyń jóni osy eken dep dindi tómendetip, ulttyq dástúrdi odan joǵary qoiatyndar da bar. Olardyń kópshiliginiń tereń dini bilimi joq. Biraq osy taqyrypty talqylaýǵa asa qushtar. Dálelderiniń deni dástúr men danalar sózderi. Shariǵattan mardymdy maǵlumat bolmaǵandyqtan ádet-ǵuryp pen din arasyndaǵy bailanysty tereńirek túsindirýge qaýqary joq. Nátijesinde alǵashqysyna basymdyq berip, ekinshisin tómendetedi. Mundai qasań pikirlerdiń ǵumyry qysqa. Sebebi, adamdardyń dini saýattylyǵy artqan saiyn aitýshyǵa degen talap ta kúsheimek.
Dástúrdiń dindegi orny
Dástúrińdi baqqanyń – úmitińdi jaqqanyń. Salt-dástúrine, ulttyq erekshelikterine erekshe mán bergen eldiń irgesi berik, keleshegi kemel. Ózge elge barǵanda óz elińnen aiyrmashylyǵyn birden baiqaisyń. Óz jurtyńnyń artyqshylyǵyn, kemshiligin baǵalai alasyń. Munyń ózi Jaratýshynyń árbir halyqtaǵy iláhi belgileri, hikmeti.
Tarih betterin aqtaryp otyryp basqynshy elderdiń bodan jurttyń ulttyq aiyrym belgilerin, dástúrlerin umyttyrýǵa tyrysqandyǵyn kóremiz. Sosyn olarǵa ózderiniń tili men dinin, mádeni qundylyqtaryn ákelip tyqpalaǵan. Al óziniń tili men dinin, salt-dástúrin umytyp, onyń ornyna ózgenikin sińirip alǵan jurttyń bolashaǵy joq. Islam dini de muny quptamaidy. Adamzattyń asyly Paiǵambarymyz (s.a.s.) musylmandardyń ózge halyqtardyń teris ádet-ǵuryptaryna erýine tyiym salǵan. Óitkeni ózgeniń qańsyǵyn tańsyq kórip, ózindegi rýhani qundylyqtar, qaǵidalardy aiaq asty etken kezde iman da joǵalady.
Qazaq halqynyń Islam dinimen tanys bolǵanyna myń eki júz jyldan astam ýaqyt ótti. Sodan beri salt-sanasy, ádet-ǵurpy, ádebieti men mádenieti musylmandyqqa beiimdelip, aqyrynda Islam dini halyq dilimen bite qainasyp, ulttyq bolmystyń ajyramas bólgine ainaldy.
Islam shariǵaty durys uǵymdardy, izgi murattardy bekitip, burys uǵymdardy toqtatý úshin keldi. Sondyqtan musylman halyqtaryndaǵy dástúrlerdi elep-eksheitin basty bezben shariǵat bolyp sanalady.
Halyq ustanǵan durys ádet-ǵuryptar Islam zańnamasyndaǵy quqyqtyq normalardyń bastaýlarynyń biri bolyp sanalady.
Alla Taǵala: «Ǵafý jolyn usta, ǵuryppen ámir et jáne nadandardan teris ainal», – dep buiyrǵan .
Allanyń Elshisine (s.a.s.) paiǵambarlyq túsken kezde arabtardyń arasynda da alýan túrli ádet-ǵuryptar, daǵdylar bar bolatyn. Paiǵambar (s.a.s.) olardyń Qudai Taǵalanyń ámir-tyiymyna keraǵar kelmeitinin qabyldap, qarsy keletinine tyiym saldy.
Shariǵatta halyqqa úirenshikti bolǵan jaqsy daǵdylar men ádet-ǵuryptardy dálel retinde keltirýdi barlyq mazhabtardyń imamdary qoldaidy.
(Material QMDB-nyń maquldaýymen jariialandy)
Aǵabek Qonarbaiuly,
QMDB-nyń baspasóz hatshysy
