Foto: arsu.kz
Himiia ǵylymy zattardyń qasietin, quramyn, qurylysyn, ózgeristerin zertteidi. Mekteptegi himiia páninde ótken Mendeleevtiń periodtyq tablitsasyn bilmeitin jan joq shyǵar. Basqa kez kelgen ǵylymdar siiaqty himiia da salalarǵa bólinedi. Onyń ishinde agrohimiia, beiorganikalyq himiia, organikalyq himiia siiaqty túrleri bar. Búgin sonyń ishinde munai himiiasymen tanysýdy jón kórdik. Bul týraly munai injeneriiasy doktory jáne táýelsiz konsýltant Marat Saǵyndyqov áńgimelep berdi.
– Marat, eń aldymen osy munai himiiasy jóninde, tanystyryp ótsek qysqasha. Jalpy munai himiiasy neni zertteidi jáne oǵan qandai salalar kiredi?
– Munai himiiasy bizdiń adamzat ómirinde zor bir mańyzy bar. Munai himiiasy aityp ótsek, búgingi kúni aramyzda qorshap jatqan myna jaryqtyń túsi, jaryqtyń syrtyn oraǵan plastik, mikrofon, barlyǵy osy munai himiianyń ónimniń nátijesi dep eseptesek bolady. Endi naqty aitsaq, munai himiiasynan bizder polimer óndiremiz, tyńaitqyshtar, jańa agrohimiiadaǵy himikattar, ártúrli, tústi himikattar, edenderdi syrlaityn himiia, mashinanyń syrtyn, sýretterin salatyn himiialyq zattar, sintetikalyq mailar, himiialyq talshyqtar óndiremiz. Kiim óndirisinde qoldanylatyn rezeńkeler, jáne taǵy basqa turmystyq himiia bar. Sondyqtan ómirimizde barlyq adamdar qazirgi kúnde munai himiiasyn, óndirisin qoldanady.
– Iaǵni bul siz aityp ótken ónimniń bári munaidan jasalady ǵoi. Sondyqtan da bul himiia Munai himiiasy dep atalady, iá?
– Iá, sondyqtan Munai himiiasy dep atalady.
– Jalpy, munaidyń quramy óte kúrdeli deidi, osy jóninde aitsańyz?
– Munaidyń quramy jalpy himiialyq formýlasy bar. Ol degen SN degen latynsha belgisi bar, S degen bizde kómirtek, N degen bizde sýtegi kómirtek sýtegi dep atalady. Eń jalpylama, eń jeńil túri, ol SN4, ol metan dep atalady, Gaz túrli, ol eń jeńil, sebeb ýglerody 1 atom. Iá, sondyqtan ary qarai onyń atomy úlkeigen saiyn massasy úlken saiyn, tyǵyzdyǵy ósken saiyn ol Suiyqtyq túrde bolady jáne qatty túrde bolady. Biz bilemiz barlyǵymyz, mysaly Sý 100 gradýstan joǵary bolǵanda Gaz bolady. Eger komnatalyq jaǵdaida bolsa, ol suiyq túrde bolady. Kún sýyq kezde muzǵa ainalyp, tas túrde bolady da, sondai siiaqty Munai da Gaz, suiyqtyq jáne qatty túrde kezdesedi. Ol endi quramyna bailanysty, sosyn syrtqy jaǵdailarǵa da qatysy bar.
– Munai dese bizdiń kóz aldymyzǵa daladaǵy úlken-úlken burǵylar elesteidi. Jalpy munai qalai alynady?
– Munai, iá durys aitasyz, ol uńǵyma arqyly alynady. Adamdar munaidyń baryn ejelden biledi. Ejelgi zamannan, biraq osy kúnge Munai óndirýi osy sońǵy 1,5-2,5 ǵasyrdyń shamasynda biz munaidy óte úlken aýqymdy úlken kólemde óndirip jatyr. Ásirese, osy sońǵy 60-70 jylda munaidyń alyp kelgen revoliýtsiiasy desek bolady. Eń basynda munaidy eń jeńil túri – ol Jer betine shyqqan. Kezindegi grekter jerdiń betine shyqqan munaidy alyp, fakel jaǵýǵa qoldanǵan, qarańǵy jerde, soǵysy soǵystyń negizgi maqsatynda qoldanǵan. Keiin endi tehnologiia damyǵan kezde bári ózgerdi. Munaidy da kómir siiaqty shahtymen tabatyn ken oryndar bar. Biraq eń jalpy taralǵan dúnie júzinde - ol uńǵymany qazý. Uńǵyma degen geotehnikalyq qondyrǵy desek bolady, jerdiń astynda qazylady. Sony uńǵymany qurastyrýdyń, ol endi qurylys desek bolady, sol arqyly biz munaidy óndiremiz.
– Uńǵymalardyń eń tereńdigi shamamen qansha shaqyrymǵa ketedi?
– Tereńdigi úlken uńǵymalar desek, on myń metrden joǵary uńǵymalar bar, ol myń kilometr desek bolady, biz bilemiz. Mysaly, Tian-Shan taýy 6000-7000 metr jobasynda, sondai uńǵymalar 10 myń metrden artyq ta qazylady. Biraq ortasha eseppen endi Qazaqstanda Munai uńǵymalary 300 metrden bastalady. 2, 3, 4, 5 myń metrge deiin barady. Mysalǵa, Qashaǵan bizdiń óte ataqty ken ornymyz, osy kúngi Qazaqstannyń úlken úmitin artyp jatqan ken orny. Munai óndirýdi ulǵaityp kele jatqan ken orny, osy ken ornynda mysalǵa, 4,5-5000 metr tereńdigi. Al búgingi kúni biz osy Keńes odaǵynan beri igerilip jatqan ken oryndarymyz Ózen degen úlken ken orny bar. Qalamqas siiaqtylar, olar 700-1500 metr aralyǵynda. Al jalpy alatyn bolsaq, 700 metr jer betine jaqyn dep oilasaq bolady.
–Al Qazaqstanda jerdiń betine shyǵyp jatqan munai oryndary bar ma?
–Jer betine, ózim naqty bilmeimin, biraq bolýy kerek dep oilaimyn. Sebebi ol barlyq dúnie júzinde, barlyq jerde kezdesedi. Sebebi eń jeńil munai deidi ǵoi. Tereń bolǵan saiyn Munai kúrdelenedi, bizde qazir aitamyz, jańa aityp ótkendei, Munai salasy endi 2 ǵasyrǵa jýyq qalǵan shyǵar, sol ýaqyttyń ishinde, sońǵy 60-70 jylda óte biz kóp kúsh qurtyp, sol munai óndirýin kóbeittik, sol kezde jeńil munaidyń ýaqyty bitti. Búgin aýyr munaidyń ýaqyty keldi.
– Al aýyr munai degen ne?
– Aýyr munai degen qiynshylyqpen keletin Munai. Bul tereń munai. Himiialyq, fizikalyq qasietteri tómen, mysaly, jeńil emes, aýyr munai, tyǵyzdyǵy joǵary. Ol tyǵyzdyǵy joǵary bolǵan saiyn onyń tutqyrlyǵy joǵary bolady. Tutqyrlyq degen mysaly, bizdiń aldymyzda mine Shyǵystyń baly tur. Endi buryp qarasaq, aǵýy qiyndaý, al aldymyzda shaiymyz tur, onyń aǵýy jeńil. Ol aǵýy qiyndaǵan saiyn ol Jer betine shyǵaryp, ony tasymaldaý qiyndyqqa túsedi. Qosymsha energiia jumsaý kerek. Sondyqtan ol aýyr Munai, qiynmen keletin Munai dep esepteledi. Búginde jeńil munaidyń zamany bitti. Qazir aýyr munaidyń zamany, sondyqtan ol qymbatqa túsedi.
Sebebi, birinshiden, mekemege qymbatqa túsedi. Mekeme odan salyq tóleidi. Sondyqtan ol úkimetke de salyqtyń azaiýyna alyp keledi. Mysalǵa, óte kúrdeli geologiialyq jaǵdailary óte qiyn, munai sapasy tómen ken oryndardy investorlar Aqsha salǵysy kelip igermeidi. Sebebi ol ekonomikalyq Rentabelnost joq bolǵandyqtan, oǵan eshkim investitsiia salmaidy. Sondyqtan qiyn munaidy shyǵarý úshin tehnologiialar damý kerek. Ýaqyt ótken saiyn munaidyń igerý tásilderi, igerý joldary, ekonomikalyq rentabelnosi qiyndai beredi.
– Marat, jańa siz munaidyń quramy jóninde aityp óttińiz. Aýyr dedińiz. Sondai-aq biz Aqparat quraldarynan bilemiz, qazaq munaiynyń quramynda kúkirt kóp dep aityp jatady. Jalpy osy bizdiń qazaqstandyq munaidyń quramy, himiialyq quramy jóninde aityp berińizshi?
– Bizdiń munai ken ornynan ken orynǵa qatty ózgeredi. Qazaqstannyń Eń úlken ken oryndary – Qarashyǵanaq, Qashaǵan, sosyn Teńiz ken orny. Sońǵy 20 jyldyń jobasynda ashylǵan ken oryndar, óndiristik igerýge osy sońǵy 10-15 jylda engizilip jatyr. Olardyń boiynda kúkirti óte joǵary. N2S deidi, ol Gaz túrinde bolady, kúkirtti sýtegi. Óte úlken quramynda sol ken oryndarda, sonyń qasietter sondai. Al basqa mysaly, eski ken oryndardy aitsaq, jańaǵy aityp ótkendei Ózen, Qalamqas, Qarajambas, bizdiń Qazaqstan Sovet odaǵynyń Keńes odaǵynan beri igerilip jatqan ken oryndarynda ondai ondai problemalar joq, kúkirt joq ol jerde. Osy Qashaǵan, Teńiz, Qarashyǵanaq kúkirti óte joǵary.
– Marat, munai óndirý protsesi, sonyń ishinde jańa kúkirt jáne basqa da túrli Qospalarynan aryltyp, odan biz qoǵamda paidalanatyn ónimder shyǵarý úshin qandai protsess júredi?
– Bizdiń negizgi maqsatymyz óndirýdiń ol kómirsýtegi, qalǵan shyqqan jańaǵy kúkirtimiz bar. Basqa SO2 degen gazdar bar. Ol bizge qajeti joq ónimder. Sebebi ol biraq ol sol munaimen birge shyqqan soń amal joq, onymen birdeńe jasaý kerek. Bizdiń negizgi maqsatymyz – kómirsýtegin alý. Iá, sol kómirsýteginen, sonyń ishinde jeńil gazdar, metan, etan , propan, sol gazdardan biz polipropilen shyǵaramyz. Jeńil himiialyq qospalar shyǵaramyz. Sol qospalardan polimerler jasaimyz, ártúrli.
– Al benzin qai satyda alynady?
– Benzin endi sol ortańǵy satysynda alady, keiin ol kishkene aýyrlaý fraktsiialar. Eń jeńil fraktsiia N 4, 2, 3 8. Sodan joǵary, S7-niń ortasy suiyqtyq, ol Kómirtek sýtegi bop sanalady, biz kólikke quiyp júrgen benzin sol aralyqta shyǵady. Tómenirek, eń tómengisi endi mazýt deidi. Mysaly da, odan da tómenderi bar, bitým mysaly da, mazýt mysaly aýyr kómirsýtegi bolyp sanalady. Mysaly, ony úlken tankerler, úlken kemeler qoldanady, óziniń nesi toplivasy esebinde. Sondai siiaqty mysalǵa bitým asfalt úlken, óte aýyr kómirsýtekteri. Ol S 50 ma, S40- tan joǵary. Mysaly, ony biz jol salýǵa qoldanamyz. Al ushaqta kerosin qoldanylady. Ol kerosin degen sol benzin men diztoplivonyń ortasynda, kishkene aýyrlaý bolady da, sol ushaqta qoldanylady. Munai qoldanysy transportqa 50-55 paiyz munai ónimi qoldanylady. Sonyń ishinde avia, avto jáne temir jol jáne sý kemelerine qoldanylady.
– Temir jolda qaisysy qoldanylady?
– Temir jolda ne qoldanylady, dizelnoe toplivo qoldanylady. Dizel otynyn qoldanady, jaǵarmai. Iá, janar-jaǵarmaiy qoldanylady. Búgingi kúnde Ilon Mask úlken ózgerister engizip jatyr. Búgingi kúni Tesla degen jańa brend shyǵardy. Sol brendine qarap, dúnie júzi, Qytai, Germaniia, Japoniia mashina shyǵaratyn óndirister ózderiniń 2030 jylǵa deiin janar-jaǵarmaimen jasaityn dvigatelder jasamaimyz deidi. Bári elektrlik dvigatelder bolady dep jobalap jatyr. Endi ol avto avtokólikterdi ózgertýge bolady. Biraq oǵan beretin tok kúshi árine, kóbisi munai salasynan keledi. Iaǵni bul munai óndirý kólemi azaiady degen sóz emes. Munai óndirýdiń kólemi azaimaidy, biraq óspeidi desek bolady. Munai salasy men gaz salasy qazir ekige bólinedi. Munai men gaz salasy barlyq energiianyń biz qoldanyp jatqan 50 paiyzǵa jýyǵy, sonyń ishinde kelesi úlken oryn alatyn bul kómir salasy 20-30 paiyz. Sosyn qalǵany – alternativtik energetika. Bul Qazaqstandaǵy tsifrlar emes, dúniejúzilik tsifrlar. Iá, sondyqtan bizde negizgi jahandyq trend. Endi jasyl energetika bara-bara ósedi. Birinshiden, biz kómirdi azaitý kerek, sebebi kómir munai salasyna qaraǵanda qorshaǵan ortaǵa ziiany odan da kóp, biraz kóp. Sebebi kómir biraz aýyr jáne munai gaz da azaiady biraq.
Kólik salasyn ózgertetin bolsaq ta, mysaly elektrlik júiege aýystyratyn bolsaq ta biz kietin kiimimiz, jeitin tamaǵymyz, úidiń qurylysynda qoldanylatyn materialdar Munai himiiasyz jasalýy múmkin emes.
– Iá, biz polimer taqyrybyna keldik. Bizdiń ómirimizde, kúndelikti turmysta, ónerkásipte, barlyq jerde polimerler bar. Biz polimersiz ómirimizdi elestete almaimyz. Ony azaitý kerek desek te, ázirge ol ońai emes siiaqty. Jalpy polimerler munaidan alynady ǵoi. Endi polimerdiń himiialyq quramy, qurylysy, ony óndirý jóninde aityp berińizshi?
– Polimerlerdi jańaǵy aitqandai, munaidyń, onyń eń negizgi túbi munai bolǵasyn ol da Kómirtek sýtegi. Iá, sonyń negizgi formasyna kiretin sol kómirtek sýtegi jáne basqa qospalar bar ishinde. Jańaǵy ottegimiz de bar. sýlfattar da bar, sera bar, ártúrli basqa qospalar bar qosymsha da, endi polimerler – kúrdeli kúrdeli qospalar. Onyń formýlasy bir formýlamen aitý qiyn, biraq jalpy negizgi túbi sol – sýtegi. Ol munai óndirýdiń qai kezeńinde bólip alynady deseńiz, sol bastapqy kezeńinde ol sol gaz gaz fraktsiiasyn alynady. Jeńil fraktsiiasynan, propan, býtan degen. Munyń bári bizge himiia páninen jaqsy tanys.
Sol ónimnen sol ári qarai polimerler shyǵarady. Polimerler kóbinese kamaq salasynda kóp qoldanys alǵan, biz jeitin balmuzdaǵymyz bolsyn, jele bolsyn, kishkene tutqyrlyǵy joǵary. Bári sol polimerler qosylǵan áserinen. Mysaly balmuzdaqty alatyn bolsaq, qatyryp qatyryp birqalypta ustaý úshin sondyqtan polimerlerdi qosady. Qospasyn, basqa polimerdiń qoldanysy eń úlken – ol sý tazartý óndirisinde.
Al tazartý júiesinde, las sýdy adamdar qoldanǵan sýdy tazartý protsesinde, polimerler, flokýliant, koagýliant degen himiiada termin bar. Jinaqtaý qabileti bar polimerlerdiń, las zattardy birge jinaqtap alady.
– Marat, eń alǵash taza munaidy qashan kórdińiz?
– Eń alǵashqy laboratoriiada kórdik. Stýdenttik kezimizde, daladaǵy ken ornynda ken ornynda sol birinshi jumysyma barǵanda sol osydan 10 jyl jyldyń ústinde ken orynǵa barǵan kezde óz kózimmen kórdim. Negizi men munaishymyn, ómir boiy munai salasynda jumys jasap kele jatyrmyn. Joǵaryda aitqanymdai, jeńil munaidyń ýaqyty bitti, zamany bitti. Qazir aýyr, qiyn munaidyń zamany keldi. Sol Munai qiyn munaidy alý úshin ártúrli himiialyq qospalardy qoldanamyz. Sondyqtan sol Munai himiia salasyna keldim. Maidyń qozǵalysyn jeńildetý úshin ártúrli himiialyq qospalar qoldanamyz. Meniń negizgi ǵylymi zertteý nysanym osy.
Munai salasy ǵylymsyz Jumys istei almaidy ǵoi. Munai óndirý, Munai himiiasymen óte tyǵyz. Sebebi kúndelikti qoldanysqa qoldanylatyn ár túrli himiiamyz bar. Óndirý salasynda, mysaly, jańa aityp ketkendei polimerler qoldanamyz. Sýdy tazartý úshin. polimerler jerdiń astyna aidaimyz. Onyń munai bergishtikti kóbeitý úshin jáne taǵy basqa da kóptegen himikattar qoldanylady da. Munai men sýdy aiyrýǵa kómektesetin himikattar, bári sol Munai himiianyń nátijesi.
Munai himiia ónimi Munai óndirý ken oryndarynda kúndelikti qoldanylatyn qajetti zattar bolyp sanalady.
– Munaishylyqtan munai himiiasy ǵylymyna qalai keldińiz?
– Balapan uiasynda kórgende ushqanda sony alady deidi ǵoi. Men Qudaiǵa shúkir, ǵylymǵa ynta men beiimdi bolyp týdym. Ekinshiden, ǵylym ortasynda óstim. Meniń anam biologiia ǵylymynyń kandidaty. Onyń tárbiesinde, ǵylymdy, ǵylymǵa sondai súiispenshilikpen qaraý, mahabbatpen qaraý, sol anamnan maǵan juqqan dep aitsam bolady. Kishkentai kezimnen beri men ózime kóp suraqtar qoiatyn edim, «nege biz osy dúniege keldik?», «adam mysalǵa kóp degen de 100 jyl ómir súredi. Ortasha ýaqytpen sanasaq, 70-80 jas. Jer shary 6 jarym milliard jyl ómiri bar galaktikany sanasaq, qanshama milliard jyl bar.
Sonda Adam júz jylǵy ómirge kelgende qandai maqsatpen keledi?», «galaktikalar qalai quryldy?» degen suraqtar týyndady. Iaǵni kishkentai kezimnen bilýge qushtar boldym.
Jalpy Jer betinde ǵylymmen ainalysatyn adamdar sany ortasha eseppen sanaǵanda barlyq Adam sanynan 1 paiyzdyń jobasynda. Iá. Sondyqtan ol ǵylymǵa kelý óte úlken jaýapkershilik.
Meniń negizgi maqsatym – ǵylymdy nasihattaý, ásirese, munai injeneriiasyn. Joǵaryda aitqanymdai, jeńil munaidyń ýaqyty ketti, qiyn munaidyń ýaqyty keldi. Biz táýelsiz Qazaqstanymyzdy mańyzdy jarqyn bolashaqqa alyp kelý úshin, ekonomikamyzdy ósirý úshin bizge ǵylym jolymen injenerlik innovatsiialar kerek. Al ol innovatsiialar tek ǵylymnyń arqasynda keledi.
– Jalpy, qazaqstandaǵy munai himiiasy salasynda qandai mańyzdy mindetter tur?
– Prezidentimiz Qasym Jomart Kemeluly Qytaiǵa saparynda Sian qalasynda úlken kóp qaǵazdarǵa qol qoiyldy. Sonyń ishinde Sinopek qazaqstanda Munai zavodtaryn salamyn dep ýáde bergen, sol polipropilen polietilen himiialyq ónimderdi shyǵarýǵa, sol Qazaqstan aldynda osyndai úlken josparlar tur. Soǵan bailanysty endi mamandar daiyndaýymyz kerek, injenerler daiyndaý kerekpiz.
– Marat, siz doktorantýrada oqydyńyz. Sol oqý barysynda shetelde taǵylymdamadan ótken bolarsyz. Qandai elderdiń jańa munai óńdeý zaýyttarynda boldyńyz?
– Shetelde Munai óńdeý zaýyttarynda bolǵan joqpyn. Biraq basqa ken oryndarda boldym. Qytaidyń ken oryndarynda boldym. Ataqty Dachiń degen ken ornynda boldym, Shańli degen ken ornynda boldym. Ózim Qytaida oqydym. Sol kezde praktikada dáris ótkenmin. Jer sharynda ken oryndardyń bári bir uqsas dep oilaim. Tek bir niýanstary ózgeshelik bolmasa, turyp jatqan jergilikti jerdiń jaǵdailaryna bailanysty aiyrmashylyq bar dep aita almaimyn. Polimer ónimin shyǵaratyn zaýyttarda boldym. Qytai ol jaǵynan óte kóp jumys istedi. Qazir Qytaida polimerlerdiń eń kóp kólemi shyǵady.
– Marat, bizde ǵylym dese óte kúrdeli aýyr dúnie elesteidi. Siz ǵylymmen onshaqty jyldan beri ainalysyp kele jatyrsyz. Ǵylymnyń bir qyzyqty jaqtaryn aityp berińizshi.
– Kóbisiniń oiynda óte aýyr, qiyn jumyspen elestetedi. Jeńil dep te aita almaimyn. Óziniń bir qiyndyqtary bar, biraq qiyndyq joq bolsa, ol maǵynasyz bolyp ketedi ǵoi, qyzyqty bolmaidy. Birinshiden, ǵylymǵa qushtarlyq pen mahabbat bolý kerek. Eger shynaiy ǵylymǵa mahabbattyń joq bolsa, onda ony jasaý qiyn bolady. Endi qyzyqty jeri jumystyń nátijesi. Shyǵaryp jatqan gipotezalaryn dáleldep, ony dúniejúzine jalpy ortaǵa jariialaý úshin maqala maqala shyǵarýǵa tapsyrys beredi. Endi sol bir maqalamyzda biz mysaly, 2 jyl jumys istedik. Al shyǵarǵan kezde óte úlken qýanyshqa keneldik. Maqala shyǵarýdyń eń birinshi negizi ǵylymi jańalyq bolý kerek. Ǵylymi jańalyqty dáleldep, sol maqalany shyǵardyq. Mahabbat pen qushtarlyq bolsa, táýligine 15 saǵattan joǵary jumys istei alasyń.
Ǵalym bolý úshin endi birinshiden ǵylymǵa degen qushtarlyq, ishki sezim, mahabbat bar ekenin sezseńiz, ol sizdiki dep bile berseńiz bolady. Ekinshiden, endi qosymsha kerek qasiet ol – tártip. Naqty, shynaiy ǵylymi jańalyq ashý úshin kem degende 2-5 jyl jumys isteý kerek. Kúrdeli laboratorlyq jumystar bar. Zertteýler bar, esepter bar. Ǵylymi jańalyq ashý barysynda kóptegen qiyndyqtar týady. Sol qiynshylyqtarda «bitti, jetken jerim osy» dep oilap qalýy múmkin. Bir ózińdi qolǵa alyp, ary qarai umtylý kerek. Sondai qasiet óte qajet.
– Áńgimeńizge kóp raqmet!
Suhbattasqan
Dina Imambai
